A set of large eddy simulations for the free surface backward facing step (FSBFS) are carried out to study wave formation behind step. The volume-of-fluid ghost fluid method is employed capture surface. Previous studies have indicated that physics depend on draught-based Froude number (Fr). For small Fr, rear face (transom) becomes wet, while separates smoothly from transom. Close a critical Fr...

Nanofluid flow over a backward facing step was investigated numerically at low Reynolds number and the heat transfer analyzed reported. Al2O3–H2O nanofluids of different volume fractions (φ = 1–5%) were used as material with uniform flux (UHF) 5000 W/m2 bottom wall for 200–600. The two geometries expansion ratios, 1.9432 3.5. SIMPLE algorithm in finite solver to solve Naiver–Stokes equation. Te...