The efficiency of osmotic backwashing cleaning to remove bacteria from forward osmosis membranes was systematically studied for the first time under different attachment and conditions. It is hypothesized that biofouling preventable when tackling initial adhesion, i.e. during reversible stage. Cell removal membrane dependent on both adhesion conditions: tests were performed solutions concentrat...

In the rapidly developing shale gas industry, managing produced water is a major challenge for maintaining the profitability of shale gas extraction while protecting public health and the environment. We review the current state of practice for produced water management across the United States and discuss the interrelated regulatory, infrastructure, and economic drivers for produced water reus...

OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether direct foramen ovale (FO) assessment or pulmonary venous (PV) flow patterns in fetal hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) correlate with clinical markers of postnatal left atrial (LA) hypertension severity associated with restrictive FO. BACKGROUND Restrictive FO places a newborn with HLHS at high risk of mortality and morbidity. METHODS We review...

Liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) is an emerging technology able to maintain optimal growing conditions in self-sustained greenhouses powered by solar energy. However, the regeneration of liquid (LD) a bottleneck LDAC. This study investigates six desalination technologies – membrane distillation (MD), reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), forward (FO), thermoresponsive (TR) solution...