1. Background Currently, grand-scale synchrotron radiation facilities, where high-quality X-ray sources are available in wide energy ranges from the softto hardX-ray regions, have significantly advanced the performance characteristics of analytical technologies using the fluorescence, absorption and diffraction effects of X-rays in various materials. The application of X-ray microscopy with the...

We overview an approach to providing automated three-dimensional (3D) sensing and recognition of biological micro/nanoorganisms integrating Gabor digital holographic microscopy and statistical sampling methods. For 3D data acquisition of biological specimens, a coherent beam propagates through the specimen and its transversely and longitudinally magnified diffraction pattern observed by the mic...

Ray–based representations can model complex light transport but are limited in modeling diffraction effects that require the simulation of wavefront propagation. This paper provides a new paradigm that has the simplicity of light path tracing and yet provides an accurate characterization of both Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. We introduce the concept of a light field transformer at the int...

In this work a novel point diffraction interferometer based on a variable liquid crystal wave plate (LCWP) has been implemented. The LCWP consists of a 3x3 cm(2) monopixel cell with parallel alignment. The monopixel cell was manufactured such that the electrode covers the entire surface except in a centered circular area of 50 μm of diameter. This circle acts as a point perturbation which diffr...

A family of generalized Jinc functions is defined and analyzed. The zero-order one is just the traditional Jinc function. In terms of these functions, series-form expressions are presented for the Fresnel diffraction of a circular aperture illuminated by converging spherical waves or plane waves. The leading term is nothing but the Airy formula for the Fraunhofer diffraction of circular apertur...

Vector diffraction theory is applied to the case of focused TEM(00) Gaussian beams passing through a spatially limiting aperture in order to investigate the propagation of these clipped focused-Gaussian beams. Beam distributions at different axial distances show that a traditional M(2) propagation model cannot be used for the propagation of clipped focus-Gaussian beams. Using Luneberg's vector ...

Femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) has been widely employed to create volumetric structures in transparent materials that are applicable as various photonic devices such as active and passive waveguides, couplers, gratings, and diffractive optical elements (DOEs). The advantages of fabrication of volumetric DOEs using FLDW include not only the ability to produce embedded 3D structures but ...

We investigate experimentally the parameter space defining, in the visible range, the far-field diffraction properties of a single circular subwavelength aperture surrounded by periodic circular grooves milled on a metallic film. Diffraction patterns emerging from such an antenna are recorded under parallel- and perpendicular-polarized illumination at a given illumination wavelength. By monitor...