Ullage washing is an efficient inerting method to keep the ullage oxygen concentration under safe value, thus reducing hazard and loss of fire explosion aircraft fuel tanks. In conventional model washing, initial derivatives that are used solve differential equations selected subjectively by researchers empirical select influences accuracy result. Therefore, this paper proposes analytical algor...

Abstract The fact that the maritime transport contributes 2.8% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions challenges ship to reduce CO2 emissions. International Maritime Organization (IMO) requires limiting sulphur 0.5% m/m in fuel oil used on board ships operating outside designated emission control. One strategies comply IMO regulations is by using alternative fuels which may contain low or zer...