This free-flow micropuncture study examined the dependence of bicarbonate reabsorption in the rat superficial proximal convoluted tubule to changes in filtered bicarbonate load, and thereby the contribution of the proximal tubule to the whole kidney's response to such changes. The independent effects of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume expansion and of acidosis on proximal bicarbonate reabsorpt...

* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract Recently, Gordji et al. [Math. Comput. Model. 54, 1897-1906 (2011)] prove the coupled coincidence point theorems for nonlinear contraction mappings satisfying commutative condition in intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces. The aim of this article is to extend and ...

General topology can be regarded as a special case of fuzzy topology where all membership functions in question take values 0 and 1 only. The usual fuzzy metric spaces, fuzzy Hausdorff topological vector spaces, and Menger probabilistic metric spaces are all the special cases of F-type fuzzy topological spaces. Therefore, one would expect weaker results in the case of fuzzy topology. Recently s...

We discuss existence, and uniqueness of solutions of nonlinear differential equations of fractional order. The differential operators are taken in the Caputo sense and the initial condition is a fuzzy number. To this aim, contraction mapping principle and the fixed point theorem are used and finally an example is given to more illustration of obtained results.

Using the concept of Hukuhara difference, in this paper we introduce a class of new derivatives called Hukuhara delta derivative and a class of new integrals called Hukuhara delta integral for fuzzy setvalued functions on time scales. Moreover, some corresponding properties of Hukuhara delta derivative and Hukuhara delta integral are discussed. Furthermore, sufficient conditions are established...

Skeletal muscle blood flow increases rapidly with exercise onset, but little is known of where or how the rapid onset of vasodilation (ROV) is governed within the microcirculation. In the retractor muscle of anesthetized hamsters (n = 26), we tested the following: 1) where in the resistance network ROV occurred, 2) how microvascular responses were affected by the duration of contraction, and 3)...

In the guinea pig distal colon, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, 0.1-30 nM) produced a concentration-dependent inhibition in electrically-evoked nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) contractions and exogenous substance P-induced contractions. Both the inhibitory actions of CGRP were insensitive to human CGRP(8-37) (1-3 microM), a CGRP1 receptor antagonist. These results indicate that in th...

In this article, we introduce the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy double controlled metric spaces that generalizes b-metric spaces. For purpose, two noncomparable functions are used in triangle inequalities. We generalize concepts Banach contraction principle and contractive mappings by giving authentic proof these sense To validate superiority results, examples imparted. A possible application...

Our understanding of the immediate effects of exercise on Achilles free tendon transverse morphology is limited to single site measurements acquired at rest using 2D ultrasound. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed 3D description of changes in Achilles free tendon morphology immediately following a single clinical bout of exercise. Freehand 3D ultrasound was used to measure Achil...