GBE possesses many constituents, and is mainly composed of flavonoids such as quercetin andrutin, and terpenoids such as bilobalide and ginkgolides A, B and C. In German pharmaceutical analysis, the quality of GBE has been standardized ascontaining 22—27% flavonoid glycosides and 6% terpenoids. In recent clinical and experimental experiments, GBE has been reported to be effective against ischem...

2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2, 4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (MECPS, EC: 4.6.1.12) is the fifth enzyme of the non-mevalonate terpenoid pathway for isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis and is involved in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for ginkgolide biosynthesis. The full-length mecps cDNA sequence (designated as Gbmecps) was cloned and characterized for the first time from gymnosperm pla...

Ginkgo biloba extracts are currently used for a wide range of health-related conditions. Some of the medical benefits of these extracts are controversial, but their lack of toxicity in humans is not in doubt. These extracts are, however, highly toxic to insects. Their active components (ginkgolides and bilobalide) have structures similar to the convulsant picrotoxin, a GABA(A) receptor antagoni...

Retinal pathologies have been heavily studied in response to radiation and microgravity, including spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), which is commonly developed space flight. SANS has characterized clinical studies of astronauts returning Earth includes a range symptoms, such as globe flattening, optic-disc edema, retinal folds, ischemia. In cases insult, Müller glia (MG) cel...