in this paper, we report an investigation of changes in land use and ecosystem services on loess plateau in northern shaanxi province from 1978 to 2004. we used three landsat tm and/or etm data sets to estimate changes in the size of five land-cover/land-use categories, and we also used previously published value coefficients to estimate changes in the value of ecosystem services delivered by e...

economic policies need to be analyzed within consistent and coherent framework. in the absence of an operational framework the policy analyst is confronted with an indeterminate model to work with. this paper intends to offer a specific framework for economic-environment integration to highlight the role of economic policy and environment in sustainable development for the purpose of empiri...

the objective of this study is to measure the city of tehran’s environmental quality in 2006 (the last census year). primarily, with a comparative analysis of a variety of urban sustainability indicator models, a collection of 54 indicators have been chosen and categorized as indicators of increase or decrease in urban environmental quality in the form of a simple mathematical model. based o...

he water framework directive of the european union has become a milestone in the water policy for this area. this directive aims to achieve a “good ecological status” of bodies of water in the member states of the european union by 2015. the water framework directive calls for the application of economic principles, economic approaches, tools and instruments. the functions of this economic anal...

7500 tons of municipal solid waste produced in tehran city is land-filled in kahrizak disposalsite. the leachate of the waste has created a lake with 180000m3 in volume. a plant is under construction totreat the leachate. a significant amount of biogas can be produced in anaerobic digestion phase in the treatment plant reactor. the designing process of a power plant in accordance with the produ...

the notion of sustainable development has rapidly gained considerable attention since the lastdecades of the twentieth century. it has become a locus for global paradigm shift on environment and development issues particularly after rio conference in 1992. the comparative analysis of agenda 21 and major un documents, mdg, and rio+20 as well as some major sources are made to provide a context fo...

purpose: this study aimed to examine the differences in the co-activation of the rectus femoris (rf) and biceps femoris (bf) using the co-contraction index (ci) in aquatic and land environments during a drop-landing task in active and non-active females. methods: in this casual-comparison study, 10 active and 10 non-active females volunteered to participate. the ci was calculated from recorded ...

unmodified zeolites show little affinity for anions due to the fact that their surfaces are negatively charged. however modification of zeolites with amines turns their negative surface charge to positive and creating higher adsorption capacity for anions. in this study, polyaniline-clinoptilolite composite was prepared by polymerization of anilinium on the surface of zeolite. the composite was...

introduction: the undergraduate curriculum of shiraz medical school underwent a major reform during the recent years. it comprised of integrated education, supplemented with an early clinical experience program. this study was carried out to find out how early experience in clinical experience affects medical students’ perception and identify strengths and limitations of the available methods a...

objective: zayandehrood habitat has economical and environmental importance in central plateau of iran    and it performs a vital role for habitants, agriculture section and the industries which are located along river bed. so current research  has been done to measure the contamination of heavy metals, its changes along the river route and defining the important and effective regions on this c...