The major ice caps in the late Ordovician lay between base of N. extraordinarius biozone and lower part persculptus biozone, consistent with low values CIA, CIW PIA for Huadi No. 1 well, reflecting a short-lived cold dry climate from top Wufeng-Guanyinqiao Formation to Longmaxi well. These observations provide geochemical record evidence Gondwana glaciation at end South China.

The Amazon lowland rainforest flora is conventionally viewed as comprising lineages that evolved in biogeographic isolation after the split of west Gondwana (ca. 100 Myr ago). Recent molecular phylogenies, however, identify immigrant lineages that arrived in South America during its period of oceanic isolation (ca. 100-3 Myr ago). Long-distance sweepstakes dispersal across oceans played an impo...

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We show using the most complete phylogeny of one of the most species-rich orders of vertebrates (Gobiiformes), and calibrations from the rich fossil record of teleost fishes, that the genus Typhleotris, endemic to subterranean karst habitats in southwestern Madagascar, is the sister group to Milyeringa, endemic to similar subterranean systems in northwestern Australia. Both groups are eyeless, ...