Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem, with at least one in three people having been infected, and conservative estimates of current prevalence indicating that at least 350 million people worldwide are living with chronic infection. Seventy-five percent of these are in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific regions [1]. The role of the immune system in controlling H...

Ana Gonzalo, MD, Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Carretera Colmenar Km 9,100, E-28034 Madrid (Spain) Dear Sir, Several clinical observations and histo-logical studies have described human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy as being characterized by nephrot-ic syndrome, heavy proteinuria, varying degrees of renal insufficiency and rapid progressive decline of ren...

BACKGROUND Reactivation of occult or inactive Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during immunosuppressant treatments is well known and widely described in literature. The same observation has been made in Hepatitis C (HCV)-infected patients previously exposed to HBV and treated with interferon-free DAA treatments. Because of common transmission routes, persons may have been exposed to HCV, HBV a...

Sir, Hypoglycaemia occurring during haemodialysis is a recognized but uncommon complication associated with glucose-free haemodialysis. Predisposing factors for haemodialysis-induced hypoglycaemia include insulin infusion w1x, b-adrenergic blockade w2x, chronic liver dysfunction and shock w3x. We would like to draw attention to the fact that acute hepatitis could precipitate symptomatic hypogly...

BACKGROUND GB Virus C is a blood-borne virus and a member of Flaviviridae, like hepatitis C that is distributed globally and puts hemodialysis patients at high risk of developing liver disease. The clinical significance of GBV-C in this population remains unclear. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to evaluate GBV-C infection among hemodialysis patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Totally, 149 pa...

BACKGROUND Cirrhosis is one of the most severe liver complications, with multiple etiologies. The torque teno virus (TTV), also known as transfusion transmitted virus, which has a high incidence in the world population, is one of the possible increasing risk factors in patients with idiopathic fulminant hepatitis and cryptogenic cirrhosis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate soli...

background and objective: although transfusion therapy has lead to great improvement in longevity for hemophiliacs, but there have been tragic setbacks especially from transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) .hiv was reported to increase the rate of hcv-related liver failure by 4.2 times. in this study, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hiv and h...