Literature on orphanage tourism considers the motives of Western volunteers and problematic nature their compulsion to ‘help’ vulnerable children in Global South. Orphanage is also increasingly adopted into ‘rescue ideologies’ (Howard, 2016) anti-trafficking/‘modern slavery’ campaigns. The perspectives involved, however, are missing from these discourses. This article draws original empirical d...

This article aims to compare two interpretations of the emergence new religious and moral concepts beliefs in period between Shang (1600‒1046 BC) Western Zhou (1046‒771 dynasties. It critically compares theories Xu Fuguan (1903‒1982) Li Zehou (1930‒2021) on process humanization Chinese religion. By emphasizing such as Heaven, Mandate Way Heaven one hand, virtue, reverence, rituality other, auth...