A goal in next-generation endoscopy is to develop functional imaging techniques to open up new opportunities for cancer diagnosis. Although spatial and temporal information on hypoxia is crucial for understanding cancer physiology and expected to be useful for cancer diagnosis, existing techniques using fluorescent indicators have limitations due to low spatial resolution and invasive administr...

Following the basic research into the photometric characters of oxyhxmoglobin and reduced haemoglobin by Nicolai (1932) and Kramer (1934), Matthes described the first oximeter in 1935. The early oximeters used only visible red light for the recording of oxygen saturation and so were not compensated for variations in hmemoglobin concentration unless indirectly, through plethysmography. Matthes, ...

Conventional approaches for the treatment of myocardial ischemia increase coronary blood flow or reduce myocardial demand. To determine whether a rightward shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen saturation curve would reduce the metabolic and contractile effects of a myocardial oxygen-supply imbalance, we studied the impact of a potent synthetic allosteric modifier of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity, a 2-[4...

Interest in the causes and characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its clinical manifestations has grown in the last 10 years. The range of clinical symptoms and other specific characteristics of COPD patients has led it be considered more as a syndrome than a disease, and many investigators have been motivated to define new phenotypes that reflect the particular fea...

The physiology of oxygen delivery was studied in 118 stable patients from 3 months to 20 years old with congenital heart disease. During cardiac catheterization, oxygen consumption (V02), arterial and venous blood gases and oxygen saturations (range 41% to 98%), hemoglobin concentration, diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), and P50 levels were measured, and then cardiac output, systemic oxygen transpo...

Near Infrared diffuse optical tomography was used to measure the molar absorption spectra for deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and water through phantom experiments. The measured spectra compensate for any systemic errors and errors arising from model-based estimation of concentrations of these chromophores, and show reasonable agreement with existing literature values. The spectra were validated...

Near-infrared spectroscopy measures of haemoglobin oxygen saturation are often used as an indicator of sufficient oxygen delivery to assess injury susceptibility and tissue damage. They have also often been used as a surrogate measure of oxygen metabolism. Unfortunately, these measures have generally failed to provide robust indicators of injury and metabolism. In this paper, we first review wh...

Three-dimensional (3D), multiwavelength near-infrared tomography has the potential to provide new physiological information about biological tissue function and pathological transformation. Fast and reliable measurements of multiwavelength data from multiple planes over a region of interest, together with adequate model-based nonlinear image reconstruction, form the major components of successf...

and injury are well-known complications of CO poisoning, possibly more prevalent in patients with pre-existing atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. As Dr. Marius-Nunez points out, hypoxic injury is multifactorial, probably related both to CO binding to hemoglobin and also to direct cellular effects of CO. All patients with carbon monoxide exposure should undergo routine electrocardiography ...

Severe sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection resulting in acute organ dysfunction. Vascular perfusion abnormalities are implicated in the pathology of organ failure, but studies of microvascular function in human sepsis are limited. We hypothesized that impaired microvascular responses to reactive hyperemia lead to impaired oxygen delivery relative to the needs of tissue and t...