in this article, after an introduction, two more or less detailed reports of history of science – from the realm of medical science – are provided to clarify that when the scientists face a problem, how they practically solve, interpret, and elucidate it. then, other various types of elucidation are touched upon, defined, and described. further on, these same various elucidations are critically...

When writing can change your life, when writing can enrich you by offering much money, why don't you try it? Are you still very confused of where getting the ideas? Do you still have no idea with what you are going to write? Now, you will need reading. A good writer is a good reader at once. You can define how you write depending on what books to read. This a history of information science 1945...

The study of the history of science has recently taken on new importance as an academic discipline. It’s easy to see why. With the pace and complexity of scientific developments accelerating, the need for improved guidelines for scientific research becomes more obvious each day. As critical as today’s dilemmas of pesticides, pollution, and nuclear weapons are, applications of current scientific...

In general the book is a study of the development of the chemical profession , c. 1800 to 1976, and in it there is a skilful blending of the technical content of chemistry and the social factors operating on it from without, together with dissension and rivalry from within. Education, chemical techniques, and the effects of two world wars, industrial depression and the E.E.C. are also dealt wit...

careers in perspective. Efforts are made to capture particular moments in the profession. The origins of specialities are described. Key finds are celebrated. In total, the authorship is diverse: there are 106 contributors. Few write more than one essay. The most frequent authors are: Crow (26 essays); Dove (6); Joshua Lederberg (5); and Franklin Stahl (5). Overall, most contributors are workin...

An athlete engages in calisthenics as part of basic training and as a preliminary to more advanced or intense activity. Whether it is stretching, lunges, crunches, or push-ups, routine calisthenics provide a baseline of strength and flexibility that prevent a variety of injuries that might otherwise be incurred. Peter Bowler has spent 40 years doing Darwinian calisthenics, researching and writi...