introduction: a variety of mesial and distal projections have been suggested for separating the canals in a multi-canaled root. but there is no general agreement on the best angulation for each tooth. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the x-ray horizontal angle for separating the canals of four-canal first mandibular molars. materials and methods: forty four-canaled mandibular molars we...

Instead of extraction this case report presents an alternative treatment option for a maxillary incisor with a vertical root fracture (VRF) causing pain in a 78-year-old patient. After retreatment of the existing root canal filling the tooth was stabilized with a dentine adhesive and a composite restoration. Then the tooth was extracted, the VRF gap enlarged with a small diamond bur and the exi...

Currently calcium hydroxide is often used as an intra-canal medication during root canal treatment. It has a pH of approximately 12.5, and it has antimicrobial activity, tissue-dissolving ability, inhibits tooth resorption and induces repair by hard tissue formation. It has been promoted for intra-canal placement for various endodontic conditions, including apexification, apexogenesis, after tr...

In this work, studies of underground gas storage (UGS) were performed on a partially depleted, naturally fractured gas reservoir through compositional simulation. Reservoir dynamic model was calibrated by history matching of about 20 years of researvoir production. Effects of fracture parameters, i.e. fracture shape factor, fracture permeability and porosity were studied. Results show...

this case report describes the treatment of two immature maxillary central incisors in a 7- year-old female patient. she suffered complicated crown fracture because of trauma, and the root formation was incomplete. white mineral trioxide aggregate (mta) was selected as the pulp-capping material after cervical pulpotomy to preserve the pulp tissue vitality and achieve maturogenesis. follow-up ev...

introduction: this study sought to assess the effects of amperage (ma) and field of view (fov) on intracanal metal post artifacts and the diagnostic parameters for detection of vertical root fracture (vrf) in teeth with intracanal posts. methods and materials: in this diagnostic study, 80 human single-canal teeth were evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography (cbct). nickel chrome cast posts w...

This experimental study was done on extracted human teeth to compare the fracture and deformation of the two rotary endodontic files system namely K-3 and Protapers. It was conducted at the dental clinics of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, A log of file deformation or fracture during root canal preparation was kept. The location of fracture was noted along with the identity of the ca...

Intentional replantation (IR) is the final treatment option to save teeth when the conventional or nonsurgical root canal treatment fail and periradicular surgery is unfeasible. In IR, a safely extracted tooth is treated outside the oral cavity in a controlled environment and is replaced into its original alveolar socket. Studies revealed that IR has a relatively high success rate, although dif...