Two predictive models were developed within a geographic information system using Genetic Algorithm Rule-Set Prediction (GARP) and the growing degree day (GDD)-water budget (WB) concept to predict the distribution and potential risk of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the State of Bahia, Brazil. The objective was to define the environmental suitability of the disease as well as to obtain a deeper...

Heat acclimatization is triggered as a response to a complex of environmental factors in hot climate. A number of studies on heat acclimatization have been reported in terms of physiological adaptation (such as body temperature and sweating responses) (Saat et al., 2005; Saat & Tochihara, 2008), while studies on heat acclimatization in cutaneous thermal sensitivity are relatively rare. It is kn...

Fourteen data loggers were packed with vaccine vials at the national vaccine store, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and sent to peripheral locations in the health system. The temperatures that the data loggers recorded during their passage along the cold chain indicated that heat damage was unlikely, but that all vials were exposed to freezing temperatures at some time. The commonest plac...

Under physiological conditions and on average, the total volume of blood in the circulation is constant. The total blood volume (BV) and the separate volumes of plasma and erythrocytes vary according to climatic conditions, in pregnancy and in the presence of disease. Such changes can have clinical significance although they are rarely revealed in common clinical practice because of a lack of a...

Amid the effects of global warming, Tokyo has become an increasingly hot city, especially during the summertime. To prepare for the upcoming 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in Tokyo, all participants, including the athletes, staff, and spectators, will need to familiarize themselves with Tokyo's hot and humid summer conditions. This paper uses the wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index, w...

Whole lung sections (Gough-Wentworth) have been prepared after formalin liquid distension of the lungs from 643 necropsies performed in Jamaica. These included 572 Negro (African), 18 East Indian, 25 Chinese, and 28 white cases. Emphysematous change was assessed visually by comparison with a standard set of sections from Cardiff which were similar to those adopted by the Ciba Guest Symposium in...

The present paper will investigate the specific elements of architectural design based on Islamic beliefs, by taking Iranian Architectural values and vernacular climate design methods into consideration. This research will assess the spirit of experimental elements, created by the inhabitants, according to recent scientific findings. The main concentration will be on the physical design of rura...

Adaptation is the only strategy that is guaranteed to be part of the world's climate strategy. Using the most comprehensive set of data files ever compiled on mortality and its determinants over the course of the 20 century, this paper makes two primary discoveries. First, we find that the mortality effect of an extremely hot day declined by about 80% between 1900-1959 and 1960-2004. As a conse...