in nigeria, most farming activities rely on family labor. however, rural-urban drift and the movement of young people away from agriculture are making labor increasingly pause. thus, labor has become a major constraint to expanding the scope of production by small-scale resource poor farmers. this paper provides an empirical relationship between labor and poverty using data from households. thr...

Household welfare is inseparable from the environment because of its dependence on ecosystems and their services. However, linking household welfare and ecosystems in order to inform differentiated household livelihood development in spatially heterogeneous regions is still a great challenge. Based on a field survey of 1754 households, we grouped the relationships between household welfare (def...

The American Indian population, made up of well over 300 tribes, now numbers more than 1.5 million or over 0.6 percent of the U.S. population. Throughout the recent past, it has been a rapidly growing population that has consistently had a birth rate twice that of the rest of the U.S. population (IHS 1988; May 1988; Broudy and May 1983). Because of this high fertility, the median age of the Ind...

This study examined behavioral changes in households after participation in a home environmental assessment. Home assessment visits by a trained coach, which involved a walk-through in the home with the home residents, were conducted in 36 homes. The walk-through included a list of recommended behavioral changes that the residents could make to reduce their exposures to home pollutants in areas...

It is now more than 60 years since the polio epidemic in Denmark in 1952 that led, at least partly, to the development of artificial ventilation.1 In the report of that epidemic, Lassen stated that “A good humidifier is essential: otherwise incrustation of secretions may occur.” Subsequent to the polio epidemic, a heated humidifier was described by Marshall and Spalding in 1953,2 and Drägerwerk...

OBJECTIVES This study examines living arrangements of older adults across 43 developing countries and compares patterns by gender, world regions, and macro-level indicators of socioeconomic development. METHODS Data are from Demographic and Health Surveys. The country is the unit of analysis. Indicators include household size, headship, relationship to head, and coresidence with spouse, child...

BACKGROUND Regular monitoring of coverage for reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health (RMNCH) is central to assessing progress toward health goals. The objectives of this review were to describe the current state of coverage measurement for RMNCH, assess the extent to which current approaches to coverage measurement cover the spectrum of RMNCH interventions, and prioritize interventi...

This paper aims to determine emissions polluted directly and indirectly by an average person, for each household type, across a wide range of emissions. There are five household type categories: location, income decile, household composition, size and number of disabled residents. Ireland's Sustainable Development Model (ISus) is used which allows the analysis of direct and indirect sources of ...