Recently, multiple lines of evidences have shown that non-B DNA structures within the human genes may lead to chromosomal translocations, deletions and amplifications in cancer and other human diseases. In this review, we summarize the current literature on non-B DNA structures, and discuss their role in genomic instability and diseases.

Polyomaviruses are a family of small, nonenveloped viruses with a circular double-stranded DNA genome of ∼5,000 base pairs protected by an icosahedral protein structure. So far, members of this family have been identified in birds and mammals. Until 2006, BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), and simian virus 40 (SV40) were the only polyomaviruses known to circulate in the human population. Their occ...

Varying length of messenger RNA (mRNA) 3'-untranslated region is generated by alternating the usage of polyadenylation sites during pre-mRNA processing. It is prevalent through all eukaryotes and has emerged as a key mechanism for controlling gene expression. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) plays an important role for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we discuss...

Oxidative modifications of enzymes and structural proteins play a significant role in the aetiology and/or progression of several human diseases. Protein carbonyl content is the most general and well-used biomarker of severe oxidative protein damage. Human diseases associated with protein carbonylation include Alzheimer's disease, chronic lung disease, chronic renal failure, diabetes and sepsis...

conclusions rodents play an important role in the transfer of zoonotic parasite diseases, especially those that live near human habitats. control of rodent population in the city should be considered to decrease risk of transmission. results all studied rodents were infected at least by one parasite. the collected parasites included: three species of cestodes, eight species of nematodes, one sp...

historically, biomarkers have been used in two major ways to maintain and improve better health status: first, for diagnostic purposes, and second, as specific targets to treat various diseases.   a new era in treatment and even cure for the some diseases using reprograming of somatic cells is about to be born. in this approach, scientists are successfully taking human skin cells (previously co...

climate change is occurring as a result of warming of the earth’s atmosphere due to human activity generating excess amounts of greenhouse gases. because of its potential impact on the hydrologic cycle and severe weather events, climate change is expected to have an enormous effect on human health, including on the burden and distribution of many infectious diseases. the infectious diseases tha...

background: it has been reported that several species of helicobacter colonize the biliary tract of animals and human, but their participation in hepatobiliary diseases are not established. this study is undertaken to determine if helicobacter genus members, especially with regard to h. pylori , could be detected in the bile and gallbladder diseases.   methods: thirty-eight gallbladder tissues ...