Recent discussion of the selective pressures leading to the evolution of modern human postcranial morphology, seen as early as Homo erectus, has focused on the relative importance of walking versus running. Specifically, these conversations have centered on which gait may have been used by early Homo to acquire prey. An element of the debate is the widespread belief that quadrupeds are constrai...

Running title: Endogenous human stem cell-associated retroviruses (SCARs)

Human feet and toes provide a mechanism for changing the gear ratio of the ankle extensor muscles during a running step. A variable gear ratio could enhance muscle performance during constant-speed running by applying a more effective prestretch during landing, while maintaining the muscles near the high-efficiency or high-power portion of the force-velocity curve during takeoff. Furthermore, d...

Motivation: A linear spring-like leg behavior is found in human and animal running [4, 2]. Although some technical systems were able to mimic running with such elastic legs within a range of different speeds and gaits [7, 8] it is still not known why biological legs employ this behavior. Until now there is no running robot with segmented legs. With regard to the reduced contact times at high sp...

Managing transactions is a key issue in Service Oriented Computing where particular relevance is given to the so called Long Running Transactions (LRT). Here, we show how to apply a formal approach to the specification and refactoring of LRT. Specifically, we consider a methodology arising on process calculi and show how it can be applied to a case study.

Anecdotal reports have assumed that women would be able to outrun men in long-distance running. The aim of this study was to test this assumption by investigating the changes in performance difference between sexes in the best ultramarathoners in 50-mile, 100-mile, 200-mile, 1,000-mile, and 3,100-mile events held worldwide between 1971 and 2012. The sex differences in running speed for the fast...

In the statistics literature, a number of procedures have been proposed for testing equality of several groups’ covariance matrices when data are complete, but this problem has not been considered for incomplete data in a general setting. This paper proposes statistical tests for equality of covariance matrices when data are missing. AWald test (denoted by T1), a likelihood ratio test (LRT) (de...

This paper presents a probabilistic method for correspondence matching with a framework of the random walk with restart (RWR). The matching cost is reformulated as a corresponding probability, which enables the RWR to be utilized for matching the correspondences. There are mainly two advantages in our method. First, the proposed method guarantees the non-trivial steady-state solution of a given...