Azoospermia is classified as obstructive azoospermia (OA) or non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), each having very different etiologies and treatments. The etiology, diagnosis, and management of azoospermia were reviewed and relevant literature summarized. Differentiation between these two etiologies is of paramount importance and is contingent upon thorough history and physical examination and i...

Hypogonadism is frequently associated with metabolic syndrome and testosterone levels correlate with parameters which are part of the cluster defining the syndrome itself. Different studies suggest a positive role of testosterone replacement therapy, but different aspects (including the definition of hypogonadism, especially in aging male, and the modality of treatment) still require confirmati...

A report of a high incidence of genetic abnormality after in vitro fertilisation' led to a suggestion that the apparently low fecundity in man' may be partly explained by a high incidence of loss of embryos due to genetic factors. Data from induction of ovulation in patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, however, suggest that a high incidence of conception may be achieved.3 Advances in u...

These patients may not have shown excessive growth during early childhood as observed by Aceto et al. (1966). After therapy was stopped, 2 cases showed the expected adrenal overactivity (high urinary 17KS). Treatment must, therefore, be continued. The present management for all types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia was recently reviewed (Raiti and Newns, 1970). The criteria for diagnosis have...

There are few systematic studies of the relationship between blood testosterone concentrations and the symptoms of overt androgen deficiency. Because most testosterone preparations are relatively short-term, the rapid changes in blood testosterone concentrations they cause make it difficult to define any testosterone threshold. By contrast, subdermal testosterone implants provide stable blood t...

Neurology Andrew G. Herzog, Pavel Klein and Alan R. Jacobs dysfunction in men with epilepsy and hypogonadism Testosterone versus testosterone and testolactone in treating reproductive and sexual This information is current as of January 7, 2010 http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/full/50/3/782 the World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and service...

As well as athletes and competitive body builders, recreational body builders attending gymnasia are known to abuse anabolic steroids, using doses from 10- to 40-fold above physiological levels. Androgenic steroids induce hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism with associated azoospermia, leading to infertility. Little literature exists on the treatment of steroid-induced azoospermia following the cess...

LH pulse secretion changes during the menstrual cycle from a rapid regular pattern in the follicular phase to a slower and irregular pattern in the luteal phase. To determine whether the irregular LH pulse pattern in the luteal phase reflects altered GnRH secretion or altered pituitary responsiveness to GnRH, we gave low dose GnRH pulses (25 ng/kg i.v.) every 2 h or every hour for 10 or 12 d to...

A boy with a ring 18 chromosome karyotype was referred because of short stature; he had growth hormone deficiency and possible hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Many children with major chromosomal abnormalities are short, but this case emphasises the need to consider growth hormone deficiency in addition.