WordNet is a lexical database that, among other things, arranges English nouns into a hierarchy ranked by specificity, providing links between a more general word and words that are specializations of it. For example, the word “mammal” is linked (transitively via some intervening words) to “dog” and to “cat.” This hierarchy bears some resemblance to the hierarchies of types (or properties, or p...

A lexicon is an essential component in a generation system but few efforts have been made to build a rich, large-scale lexicon and make it reusable for different generation applications. In this paper, we describe our work to build such a lexicon by combining multiple, heterogeneous linguistic resources which have been developed for other purposes. Novel transformation and integration of resour...

In this paper, we claim that vector cosine – which is generally considered among the most efficient unsupervised measures for identifying word similarity in Vector Space Models – can be outperformed by an unsupervised measure that calculates the extent of the intersection among the most mutually dependent contexts of the target words. To prove it, we describe and evaluate APSyn, a variant of th...

attributes that can be seen as equivalent to the semantic primitives except that these abstract attributes do not automatically receive names similar to those that can be found in manually created semantic primitive collections. In order to clarify this analogy it is feasible to make an example for the word leap. Apart from the initial attributes like ‘frog’ and ‘leg’ that will emerge from an i...

If you were to say “Women are numerous,” you would not wish to imply that any particular woman is numerous. Instead, you would probably mean something like “The class of women contains numerous instances.” To say, on the other hand, “Rosa Parks is numerous,” would be nonsense. Whereas the noun woman denotes a class, the proper noun Rosa Parks is an instance of that class. As Quirk et al. (1985,...

If you were to say “Women are numerous,” you would not wish to imply that any particular woman is numerous. Instead, you would probably mean something like “The class of women contains numerous instances.” To say, on the other hand, “Rosa Parks is numerous,” would be nonsense. Whereas the noun woman denotes a class, the proper noun Rosa Parks is an instance of that class. As Quirk et al. (1985,...

The book Synonymy and Semantic Classification by Karen Sparck Jones was published in 1986 as the first volume of Edinburgh Information Technology Series on computer science and artificial intelligence. The book is interesting both in its content and in some circumstances of its publication. The main part of the book comprises Sparck Jones's Ph.D. thesis, approved at the University of Cambridge ...

ion over Parts of Speech. Lexical units are grouped into frames irrespective of their parts of speech. This allows to easily map, e. g., two text fragments onto each other that carry essentially the same meaning, but where one is headed by a verb and the other by a noun, such as ‘A bought B’ vs. ‘(the) acquisition of B by A’. In GermaNet, this mapping requires additional knowledge in the form o...

A semantic concordance is a textual corpus and a lexicon So combined that every substantive word in the text is linked to its appropriate ~nse in the lexicon. Thus it can be viewed either as a corpus in which words have been tagged syntactically and semantically, or as a lexicon in which example sentences can be found for many definitions. A semantic concordance is being constructed to u s e in...

In this paper, we describe ROOT13, a supervised system for the classification of hypernyms, co-hyponyms and random words. The system relies on a Random Forest algorithm and 13 unsupervised corpus-based features. We evaluate it with a 10-fold cross validation on 9,600 pairs, equally distributed among the three classes and involving several Parts-OfSpeech (i.e. adjectives, nouns and verbs). When ...