Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of the hypothalamic neuropeptide neuromedin U (NMU) or the adipostat hormone leptin increases plasma ACTH and corticosterone. The relationship between leptin and NMU in the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is currently unknown. In this study, leptin (1 nm) significantly increased the release of CRH from ex vivo hypothalamic ...

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of carbachol into the third ventricle of conscious rabbits increased pupil size and intraocular pressure (IOP). A significant increase of pupil size by 0.6-1.3 mm for 60-90 min was observed with the dose of 1 microgram and an increase of IOP by 1.1-1.9 mmHg for 15-60 min was observed with doses over 10 ng. These responses were due to central cholinergic s...

Recent evidence reveals that aberrant brain insulin signaling plays an important role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intranasal insulin administration has been reported to improve memory and attention in healthy participants and in AD patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we treated intracerebroventricular streptozotocin-injected (ICV...

The study was aimed at investigating the effects of pitavastatin, simvastatin (lipophilic statins) and fluvastatin (hydrophilic statin) on memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's type dementia in mice. Dementia was induced with chronic administration of a high fat diet (HFD) or intracebroventricular streptozotocin (icv STZ, two doses of 3 mg/kg) in separate groups of animals. Memory of the ...

To investigate whether brain AT1 receptor stimulation contributes as a hypertensive mechanism to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension, losartan (1 mg/4 microL) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle in conscious control uninephrectomized Wistar rats or rats with DOCA-salt for 2 or 4 weeks, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and he...

BACKGROUND Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models are important vehicles for studying the effect of infectious elements such as Pertussis toxin (PTx) on disease processes related to acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) or multiple sclerosis (MS). PTx has pleotropic effects on the immune system. This study was designed to investigate the effects of PTx administered intrac...

Our objective was to determine the effect of arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) into the lateral ventricle of the rat brain on submandibular gland (SMG) salivary secretion. Parasympathetic decentralization (PSD) produced by cutting the chorda tympani nerve strongly inhibited methacholine (MC)-induced salivary secretion while sympathetic denervatio...

A study was conducted to investigate serum biochemical and micro mineral status on 18 kankrej cattle during transition period. The transition period for present study was defined as last four weeks before parturition and first four weeks after parturition and it was divided into three stages viz., stage-I (late pregnancy), stage-II (recent parturition) and stage-III (early postpartum). Serum bi...

Feeding was induced with lateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-dg), a glucose analogue causing glucoprivation. Feeding increased rapidly by an average of 2.6 g following ICV 2-DG (2.9 or 5.8 mg per rat), but did not increase after ICV D-glucose or sucrose. At the same doses, 2-DG did not increase feeding when given peripherally. Core temperature dropped in a d...

Melatonin can contribute to glucose homeostasis either by decreasing gluconeogenesis or by counteracting insulin resistance in distinct models of obesity. However, the precise mechanism through which melatonin controls glucose homeostasis is not completely understood. Male Wistar rats were administered an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of melatonin and one of following: an icv injectio...