Chapter 1: Introduction: A Hidden World of Nonformal Expert Reasoning This chapter motivates the study of nonformal methods experts use during the process of creative theory formation rather than those they display in polished articles after the fact, and describes the method of video taped think aloud protocols used in this study. The tapes capture scientists in the act of: mentally performing...

Analogy is an important reasoning process in creative design. It enables the generation of new design artifacts using ideas from domains semantically distant. The retrieval phase is crucial to the generation of creative analogies, without a good set of candidate sources, the success of subsequent phases can be compromised. Two main types of retrieval have been identified: semantic-based retriev...

Indirect reciprocity, a key concept in behavioral experiments and evolutionary game theory, provides a mechanism that allows reciprocal altruism to emerge in a population of self-regarding individuals even when repeated interactions between pairs of actors are unlikely. Recent empirical evidence show that humans typically follow complex assessment strategies involving both reciprocity and socia...

conection to creative and indicative sentences have abstracted to four view:first view;conventional of creative for complete batrelation.second view;both sentens have asimilar sense.thired view;conventional of both sentences are for appear of sensual affair.fourth view;to hold true batrelation.

in the legal systems of rome - germanic, there is unique sources and unique elements for the obligations that talking of obligations commons isn’t useless. in spit of this there was confused reasoning in law of rome and french law that it has been effective on law of obligations of the other country end iran and nowadays in news books of obligations in french law before of the other topics and ...

According to the ideomotor theory, actions are represented in terms of their perceptual effects, offering a solution for the correspondence problem of imitation (how to translate the observed action into a corresponding motor output). This effect-based coding of action is assumed to be acquired through action-effect learning. Accordingly, performing an action leads to the integration of the per...

Case-based reasoning (CBR) has a great deal to offer in supporting creative design, particularly processes that rely heavily on previous design experience, such as framing the problem and evaluating design alternatives. However, most existing CBR systems are not living up to their potential. They tend to adapt and reuse old solutions in routine ways, producing robust but uninspired results. Lit...

We argue that taking surprise into account in the artificial agents’s reasoning may have advantageous implications in various situations. Relying on theoretical and empirical evidence, our arguments are supported by the application of surprise-based agents to three different domains, namely exploration of unknown environments, divergent production and evaluation of creative products, and select...

Feminists working in the law may experience tension between mainstreaming feminist ideas to make everyday life of women better and maintaining a critical method law-making. Some (including myself) might at times feel pessimistic for present, future of, approaches law. Mainstreaming demands can be powerful effective method, potentially monopolising engagements with In this article, I take concer...