Despite the success in returning people to health saving mobility and high quality of life, the over 1 million total joint replacements implanted in the US each year are expected to eventually fail after approximately 15-25 years of use, due to slow progressive subtle inflammation to implant debris compromising the bone implant interface. This local inflammatory pseudo disease state is primaril...

About 100 years ago, a young paediatrician understood that the function of the immune system should be rationalized not in terms of exemption of disease but in terms of change of reactivity. He coined a new word to represent such an idea: 'allergy': the first contact of the immune system with an antigen changes the reactivity of the individual; on the second and subsequent contacts, this change...

A previous communication (1) in this series reported that transient, very rapid macroglobulin antibody responses could be induced in rabbits by small doses of poliovirus (PV) antigen. 19S antibody appeared 8 to 16 hours following immunization in such responses. It was also observed that almost all normal rabbit sera (NRS) contained low background neutralizing activity to several viral antigens,...

It is generally accepted that the destination of the immune system is not only to discriminate between self and non-self but also to mount responses against non-self. During the last decades, it became evident that weak self-reactivity is a necessary condition for immune homeostasis. Natural self reactivity and the internal image created by autoantibodies, participate greatly to the maintenance...

Humans are frequently exposed to various airborne allergens. In addition to producing antibodies, B cells participate in immune responses via various mechanisms. The roles of B cells in allergic airway inflammation and asthma have been controversial. We examined the functional importance of B cells in a mouse model of asthma, in which mice were exposed repeatedly to common airborne allergens. N...

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer found in commonly used consumer plastic goods. Although much attention in recent years has been placed on BPA's impact as an endocrine disruptor, it also appears to activate many immune pathways involved in both autoimmune disease development and autoimmune reactivity provocation. The current scientific literature is void of research papers linking BPA directly to...

Antiretroviral drug resistance and escape from CTL are major obstacles to effective control of HIV replication. To investigate the possibility of combining drug and immune-based selective pressures against HIV, we studied the effects of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations on CTL recognition of five HIV-1 Pol epitopes presented by common HLA molecules. We found that these common drug resist...

A hundred years have elapsed since Clemens von Pirquet, the father of Allergy, published his famous essay entitled Allergie (1906). The essay brought the scientific results of his experimental work on sensitivity in immunized organisms, and his considerations about immunity and hypersensitivity as being either inter-related features or separate processes with immunity induced by previous treatm...

Antibodies are a class of biomolecules that has an important role in the immune system and lots of applications in biotechnological methods and in pharmaceutics. Production and purification of antibodies in laboratory animals is one of the first ways to manufacture of these prominent tools. The obtained antibodies from these process could be used in various types of bioassay techniques such as ...

Background and Aims: Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is spreading rapidly among the people worldwide. Infection with this virus leads to immune suppression and finally acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Early HIV detection is dependent on antibody screening against virus by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Some confirmatory tests such as Western Blot and Recombinant Immunobl...