background and aims: human parvovirus b19 may transmit to the fetus via the placenta during pregnancy and cause serious complications such as severe fetal anemia, non-immune hydrops fetalis, and even intrauterine fetal death. the aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of parvovirus b19 antibodies among young women, sanandaj, iran. materials and methods: ninety young women (15-40 ...

background: invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer in iran. impaired immune responses occur frequently in cancer patients, but the mechanisms of the induced immune defects remain poorly understood. it is believed that infiltrated immune cells, especially macrophages, may provide help for tumor cell growth and metastasis.   objective: to analyze the status of tumor as...

background: pandemic flu had at least two waves in iran. knowing how many of the general population were already exposed to this infection has a major impact on na-tional preventive measures. as of december 30, 2009, a total of 3672 confirmed cases of human infection with a novel influenza a (2009 h1n1) virus had been reported in iran with 140 deaths. objective: in this study we aim to measure,...

Honeybees use a variety of defence mechanisms to reduce disease infection and spread throughout the colony. Many of these defences rely on the collective action of multiple individuals to prevent, reduce or eradicate pathogens-often referred to as 'social immunity'. Glucose oxidase (GOX) and some antimicrobial peptides (e.g. defensin-1 or Def1) are secreted by the hypopharyngeal gland of adult ...

Innate and adaptive immunity work concertedly in vertebrates to restore homoeostasis following pathogen invasion or other insults. Like all homoeostatic circuits, immunity relies on an integrated system of sensors, transducers and effectors that can be analysed in cellular or molecular terms. At the cellular level, T and B lymphocytes act as an effector arm of immunity that is mobilised in resp...