We monitored the APC function of cells taken from the spleen and peritoneal cavity of mice that had been given protein antigens via the intravenous or intraperitoneal routes. Using the mAb 33D1 and N418 to negatively and positively select dendritic cells, we obtained evidence that dendritic cells are the main cell type in spleen that carries the protein in a form that is immunogenic for antigen...

Background We’ve previously shown that radiotherapy (RT) converts poorly immunogenic tumors resistant to antibodies (mAbs) against the immune checkpoint receptor CTLA-4 into susceptible ones (Demaria et al., 2005; Dewan et al., 2009). Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is another immune checkpoint receptor upregulated on T-cells shortly after activation and expressed at high levels on exhausted Tcells. ...

The preclinical development of biopharmaceuticals or biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals such as monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, growth factors, etc. does not follow the “standard” rule as opposed to small molecules or new chemical entities. In addition, the biopharmaceuticals, being in essence large molecules, are susceptible to be targeted by the immune system eliciting an immu...

In contrast to prior belief, tumor cell apoptosis is not necessarily silent but can be immunogenic. By tracing how anthracyclines and gamma-irradiation trigger immunogenic cell deaths, we found that they were causally connected to the exposure of calreticulin on the tumor cell surface, before apoptosis in the tumor cell itself occurred. Furthermore, we showed that calreticulin exposure was nece...

The inspection of the mechanisms through which autophagy modulates immunogenic cell death revealed that the autophagic response of cancer cells to reactive oxygen species-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress suppresses the exposure of calreticulin on the cell surface, the phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) as well as their ability to release interleukin-6 and to support the prolif...

Most immunologists focus on elaborate non-specific and antigen-specific factors of reactive immunity produced by the vertebrate lymphoid system. Modern principles of immunogenic prophylaxis and therapy are based solely on the use of these agents. There is, however, a more effective system of specific resistance which is shared by all forms of life: hereditary constitutional immunity to infectio...

Background and Objectives Polytopic antigens are recently applied for replacing crude antigens, for control of infectious agents. The surface of the Toxoplasma is covered with immunogenic antigens namely surface antigens (SAGs). These antigens possess several immunogenic epitopes, inducing immune responses. Materials and Methods In this study, a DNA construct comprising of sequences encoding ...

MEMBERS OF THE SALIVARY GLAND SURFACE PROTEIN FAMILY (SGS) ARE MAJOR IMMUNOGENIC COMPONENTS OF MOSQUITO SALIVA Jonas G. King, Kenneth D. Vernick and Julián F. Hillyer From the Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, and the Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Running title: SGSs are immun...