The genetic requirements of carrier recognition were examined in the priming and elicitation of hapten specific, T-cell mediated, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses. It was shown that nitrophenyl acetyl-poly-(L-glu56-L-lys35-L-phe9) (NP-GLO) could prime for NP responses only in strains of mice which are Ir gene responders to GLO. In contrast to this requirement, NO-GLO could elicit a...

The leukocyte integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) plays an important role in lymphocyte recirculation and homotypic interactions. Leukocytes from mice lacking CD11a displayed defects in in vitro homotypic aggregation, in proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions, and in response to mitogen. Mutant mice mounted normal cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses against systemic LCMV and VSV infections and showed...

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease which is characterized by B-cell abnormality and auto-antibody generation. Since bacterial infections are the most important causes of mortality in these patients, pneumococcal vaccination is recommended for children with SLE. Objective: To investigate humoral immunity and specific-antibody formation in response to a...

Melanomas are highly immunogenic tumors that evade the immune system by exploiting innate checkpoint pathways, rendering effector T-cells anergic. The immunotherapeutic approach of checkpoint inhibition can restore and invigorate endogenous antitumor T-cell responses and has become an important treatment option for patients with advanced melanoma. The CTLA-4 inhibitor ipilimumab and the PD-1 in...

The leukocyte integrin LFA-1 (CD1 la /CD 18) plays an important role in lymphocyte recirculation and homotypic interactions. Leukocytes from mice lacking CD11a displayed defects in in vitro homotypic aggregation, in proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions, and in response to mitogen. Mutant mice mounted normal cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses against systemic LCMV and VSV infections and sho...

We have developed a primate model of rubeosis iridis in monkeys systemically sensitized to crystalline beef insulin. After intravitreal insulin injection, the dose-related immunogenic inflammation includes cells, flare, fibrin, and blood in the anterior chamber. With more severe inflammation, posterior synechiae, iris bombé, and cataracts occur. Of particular importance, new blood vessels deve...

To investigate the mechanism underlying neonatal T cell tolerance, we used synthetic peptides to induce tolerance. We found that induction of tolerance to one determinant on a 23-amino acid peptide did not affect the response to an adjacent determinant on the same peptide. There was no evidence of suppression of the response to the second determinant. Furthermore, even small peptides near the m...

Most tumors are immunogenic which would trigger some immune response. Chemotherapy also has immune potentiating mechanisms of action. But it is unknown whether the immune response is associated with the efficacy of chemotherapy and the development of chemoresistance. Recently, there is a growing interest in immunotherapy, among which the co-inhibitory molecules, programmed cell death 1/programm...

Both Cells mediated and humoral immunity is considered as key players in the immunopathology of HCC. Cancer cells are recognized and eliminated by the innate immune system such as nature killer cells (NK) and macrophages then by the adaptive immune response mainly by Cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTL before they became clinically apparent. The tumor cells can escape from the immune system by decreasi...