In the light of the enthusiasm to use of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for immunomodulation and neuroprotection, it should be remembered that the current knowledge is based on a century of laborious research. G-CSF is a pleiotropic cytokine playing a major role as regulator of haematopoiesis. Although the precise mechanisms of G-CSF are not known, there is grow...

delay the diagnosis and treatment [2, 3, 9]. The audiovestibular prognosis depends on steroid treatment within the first month of the symptoms [3], but hearing loss may progress to profound bilateral deafness if the patient has repeated attacks [3–5]. Our patient’s initial ocular symptoms occurred 4 yrs before her hearing loss. This was the clue leading to diagnosis and appropriate treatment wi...

Emerging data suggest that locoregional cancer therapeutic approaches with oncolytic viruses can lead to systemic anti-tumour immunity, although the appropriate targets for intratumoral immunomodulation using this strategy are not known. Here we find that intratumoral therapy with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), in addition to the activation of innate immunity, upregulates the expression of T-ce...

Contrary to the long held belief that chemotherapy is immunosuppressive, emerging evidence indicates that the anticancer activity of cisplatin is not limited to its ability to inhibit mitosis, but that cisplatin also has important immunomodulatory effects. We therefore methodically examined the relevant preclinical literature and identified four main mechanisms of cisplatin-induced antitumor im...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most prevalent deadly chronic viral diseases. HIV is treated by small molecule inhibitors. HBV is treated by immunomodulation and small molecule inhibitors. HCV is currently treated primarily by immunomodulation but many small molecules are in clinical development. Although HIV is a retrovirus, HBV ...

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare chronic degenerative disease. The only approved treatment, Riluzole, not available and economically affordable for most patients. Objective: To report here case of pregnant woman 27 years age with ALS, confirmed through electromyography. After spontaneous abortion 88 days without clinical improvement dependent on mechanical ventilation, ...

multiple sclerosis (ms) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), are chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorders of central nervous system (cns). while the cause is unclear, the fundamental mechanism is thought to be destruction of myelin sheaths of neurons through immune system. one of the approaches being proposed in eae therapy is neural stem cells (nscs) trans...

Endometrial cancer is the only gynecologic malignancy with a rising incidence and mortality. While cure is routinely achieved with surgery alone or in combination with adjuvant pelvic radiotherapy when disease is confined to the uterus, patients with metastatic or recurrent disease exhibit limited response rates to cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted agents, or hormonal therapy. Given the unmet cl...

Several field studies have reported an inverse relationship between the prevalence of helminth infections and that of allergic sensitisation/atopy. Recent studies show that immune responses induced by helminth parasites are, to an extent, comparable to allergic sensitisation. However, helminth products induce regulatory responses capable of inhibiting not only antiparasite immune responses, but...

The secondary effects of chemotherapy, with bone marrow depression and risk of leukopenia, has traditionally been considered being detrimental for the immune system. However, growing evidence suggests a main role for chemotherapy in antitumor immunomodulation. With reference to cisplatin, which is the basis of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer, four different aspects of...