During the latest Neoproterozoic to Mid-Cambrian time (580–505 Ma ago), the Earth underwent significant changes in palaeogeography that included rifting of a possible supercontinent and the near simultaneous formation of a second, slightly smaller supercontinent. It is against this tectonic backdrop that the Cambrian radiation occurred. Although the general tectonic setting during this interval...

The first aerosol indirect effect over a clean, northern high-latitude site was investigated by determining the aerosol cloud interaction (ACI) using three different approaches; ground-based in situ measurements, combined ground-based in situ measurements and satellite retrievals and using only satellite retrievals. The obtained values of ACI were highest for in situ ground-based data, clearly ...

The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic growth in interest in the interaction between economic activity and geophysical variables. A major hurdle for current research is the complete disjunction of socioeconomic and geophysical data. The present study describes the results of the GEcon project, which has developed a geophysically based data set on economic activity. The G-Econ data prese...

Adjustments to data observed at pairs of climate stations have been recommended to remove the biases introduced by differences between the stations in time of observation, temperature instrumentation, latitude, and elevation. A new network of climate stations, located in rural settings, permits comparisons of temperatures for several pairs of stations without two of the biases (time of observat...

Mid-latitude ozone changes: studies with a 3-D CTM forced by ERA-40 analyses W. Feng, M. P. Chipperfield, M. Dorf, and K. Pfeilsticker Institute for Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Institute für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Received: 3 April 2006 – Accepted: 21 April 2006 – Published: 17 July 2006 Correspondence...

A general Recursion-Transform method is put forward and is applied to resolving a difficult problem of the two-point resistance in a non-regular m × n cobweb network with an arbitrary longitude (or call radial), which has never been solved before as the Green's function technique and the Laplacian matrix approach are difficult in this case. Looking for the explicit solutions of non-regular latt...

The aims of this paper are (1) briefly to describe the plasma devices onboard the MAGION-4 satellite, launched on 3 August 1995, of the INTERBALL project, and (2) to discuss first observations made near the magnetopause region. During the presented boundary crossings the MAGION-4 observed quasiperiodic pulses of magnetosheath-like plasma in a region of low plasma density. This region is located...

[1] At low latitudes, cirrus are ubiquitous and can be in excess of 100 C colder than the surface, limiting the amount of sunlight absorbed by the earth’s atmosphere and surface, and reducing its loss of heat. Here we present aircraft measurements within cirrus over southern Florida indicating that ice crystals have smaller sizes and are more reflective than is assumed in most current climate m...

The representation of the visual field in the second and third visual cortical areas (V n and V h i) of the cat was examined by microelectrode recording. The position of the field maps and the arrangement of the map within V n were found to vary greatly from one cat to another so that no single composite map can be made. The horizontal meridian of the visual field was found to run laterally and...

The snow-masking effect of vegetation exerts strong control on albedo in northern high latitude ecosystems. Large-scale changes in the distribution and stature of vegetation in this region will thus have important feedbacks to climate. The snow-albedo feedback is controlled largely by the contrast between snow-covered and snow-free albedo (Δα), which influences predictions of future warming in ...