a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Malmquist–Luenberger index Urban water utilities Greenhouse gas emissions Nonparametric productivity measurement The energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the provision of urban water and sewerage services have become an increasingly important issue in recent times. However, the impact of negative externalities such as greenhouse gas emissions on the product...

Excessive irrigating water that has not been adequately drained may cause more to enter the crop root zone than is necessary. As a result, issues with increasing table levels, waterlogging, and salinity get worse productivity losses. Agricultural drainage management strategies (ADWMS) can be used protect quality of groundwater, guarantee crops have better moisture conditions, provide irrigation...

Breeding success generally increases with environmental productivity, but little is known about underlying mechanisms, and such relationships are not quantitatively understood. We studied female mice reproducing across an experimental environmental-quality gradient defined by the amount of wheel running required to obtain a food reward. Measuring energy metabolism with doubly labeled water, we ...

Background and objectives: Nurses' productivity is a worthy goal of organizations tending to grow. Improving nurse’ QWL is a prerequisite to increase their productivity. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between quality of work-life (QWL) and productivity among nursing staff of hospitals of Qom, Iran. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 250 indiv...

Advanced nutrient removal processes, while improving the water quality of the receiving water body, can also produce indirect environmental and health impacts associated with increases in usage of energy, chemicals, and other material resources. The present study evaluated three levels of treatment for nutrient removal (N and P) using 27 representative treatment process configurations. Impacts ...

Soil degradation and salinization are two of the utmost threat affecting agricultural areas, derived from the increasing use of low quality water and inappropriate cultural practices. The problem of low productivity of saline soils may be ascribed not only to their salt toxicity or damage caused by excess amounts of soluble salts but also arising from the lack of organic matter and available mi...

GDP per capita is often used by economists to measure the standard of living people in each country. This paper analyzes some indicators affecting level capita, including average labor productivity, percentage trained workers working age, unemployment rate force increase investment whole society. With application Bayesian linear regression analysis method, results show that factor age has highe...

The changes in species composition between habitat patches (beta diversity) are likely related to a number of factors, including environmental heterogeneity, connectivity, disturbance and productivity. Here, we used data from aquatic environments in five Brazilian regions over two years and two seasons (rainy and dry seasons or high and low water level periods in floodplain lakes) in each year ...