r&d; is one of the most important and suitable strategies government’s policies for increasing of agricultural production and supply. in this study, in addition of economic evaluation of agricultural r&d; and determination of its rate of return, optimal iran’s agricultural r&d; expenditure is determined. so, in this article, ex-post and ex-ante evaluation by using of mathematical programming ap...

Arsenic (As) originates in many rocks and minerals throughout the world. Natural phenomena, such as weathering and biological activities, along with industrial activities and agricultural activities are responsible for As introduction to the environment. The most predominate oxidation states for inorganic As species are arsenate As (H3AsO4) and arsenite As (H3AsO3). In addition to inorganic for...

The realization of sustainable development depends on the efficient use of energy resources. Energy consumption productivity and efficiency are among important indices that play a critical role in explaining the behavior of energy consumption structure of different economic sectors, which in turn, plays a key role in policy making. From among economic sectors, the agriculture sector, as an impo...