the main goal of this study is to identify the determinants of the energy intensity in the iranian economy using annual data for the period 1974-2012. changes in energy intensity can be seen as related to three factors including price, income, and autonomous energy efficiency improvements (based on technical progress). moreover the role of energy quality in enhancement of total factor productiv...

The objective of this article is to estimate the derived demand for imported cheese products into Japan when cheese import data are disaggregated by specific cheese group and by source country of production+We provide empirical measures of the sensitivity of demand to changes in total imports, own-price, and cross-prices among exporting countries for four market segments of the cheese category+...

almost ideal demand system (aids) and rotterdam model have been employed to (by means of seemingly unrelated regression (sur) estimate the function related to milk and dairy products in the urban societies of iran for years 1982 to 2009. cross and cross price elasticities have been evaluated too. results indicated that during the study period, share of milk products in household budget was more...

We study welfare effects of horizontal mergers under a successive oligopoly model and find that downstream mergers can increase welfare if they reduce input prices. The lower input price shifts some input production from costinefficient upstream firms to cost-efficient ones. Also, the lower input price makes upstream entry less attractive, reduces the number of upstream entrants, and decreases ...

This paper estimates a dynamic model of the world markets for five nonrenewable resources over the period 1970-2004 and tests for market power in each of these markets. In particular, for each nonrenewable resource, we test whether the countries supplying the nonrenewable resource behaved as price-takers or oligopolists. The results show that during the study period the world markets for copper...

Nominal government debt, including the monetary base, is a residual claim to government surpluses. Thus, the value of Þat money can be determined in a completely frictionless economy, just like the price of stock. The main theoretical objection to this Þscal theory of the price level is that it mistreats the government’s intertemporal budget constraint. I show that the valuation equation for no...

The relative costs of trading different goods vary independently of the relative costs of producing them. The costs of trade are also often high. As a result, producer price elasticities of demand in economies that trade are usually much lower than purchaser price elasticities. Trade costs could thus explain why cross-country variation in the composition of output is much less sensitive to vari...

We use shifts in food Engel curves among the U.S. elderly to estimate the extent of Consumer Price Index (CPI) bias specific to this population. Over the last thirty years the share of total expenditure devoted to food has declined more rapidly for elderly-headed households than for other households. This decline is not explained by a more rapid increase in measured total expenditure for the el...