When working as a member of a team, individuals must make decisions concerning the allocation of resources (e.g., effort) toward individual goals and team goals. As a result, individual and team goals, and feedback related to progress toward these goals, should be potent levers for affecting resource allocation decisions. This research develops a multilevel, multiple-goal model of individual an...

Psychosocial resources have been tied to lower psychological and biological responses to stress. The present research replicated this relationship and extended it by examining how differences in dispositional reactivity of certain neural structures may underlie this relationship. Two hypotheses were examined: (a) psychosocial resources are tied to decreased sensitivity to threat and/or (b) psyc...

BACKGROUND Elective patient admission and assignment planning is an important task of the strategic and operational management of a hospital and early on became a central topic of clinical operations research. The management of hospital beds is an important subtask. Various approaches have been proposed, involving the computation of efficient assignments with regard to the patients' condition, ...

OBJECTIVE The current investigation examined individual differences in route-learning strategies and their relative demands on visuospatial versus verbal working memory (WM) resources in virtual environments. BACKGROUND Learning new routes is a resource-demanding activity that must often be carried out in conjunction with other concurrent tasks. Virtual environments (VEs) are increasingly bei...

In nature, animals often ignore socially available information despite the multiple theoretical benefits of social learning over individual trial-and-error learning. Using information filtered by others is quicker, more efficient and less risky than randomly sampling the environment. To explain the mix of social and individual learning used by animals in nature, most models penalize the quality...

The evolution and development of adaptations results from the gradual selection of traits that enable organisms to acquire and maintain resources needed for survival and reproduction. We argue that instances of individual, regional, and global violence are rooted in our adaptations to seek, acquire, maintain, and utilize limited resources, regardless of whether such adaptations are currently su...

Computer worms pose a serious threat to computer and network security. Interestingly, they share many common tactics with biological pathogens with respect to infecting and propagating. In this paper, we study the six most common fatal infectious diseasesd measles, malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, influenza and the diarrhoeal diseasesdto (1) determine the individual mechanisms and environmental...

BACKGROUND Perception of undesirable features may inhibit built environment use for physical activity among underserved families with children at risk for obesity. METHODS To examine the association of perceived availability, condition, and safety of the built environment with its self-reported use for physical activity, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis on baseline data from a randomiz...

OBJECTIVE To identify the early life predictors of childhood intelligence. DESIGN Cohort study of 10 424 children who were born in Aberdeen (Scotland) between 1950 and 1956. RESULTS Social class of father around the time of birth, gravidity, maternal age, maternal physical condition, whether the child was born outside of marriage, prematurity, intrauterine growth, and childhood height were ...

AIMS To investigate whether health-related functioning mediates the effect of psychological job demands on sickness absence in nurses. BACKGROUND Nurses face high job demands that can have adverse health effects resulting in sickness absence. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with 1-year follow-up. METHODS Data for 2964 Norwegian nurses were collected in the period 2008-2010. At baseline, p...