The serotonin system has emerged as a potential target for anti-dyskinetic therapy in Parkinson's disease. In fact, serotonin neurons can convert L-DOPA into dopamine, and mediate its synaptic release. However, they lack a feedback control mechanism able to regulate synaptic dopamine levels, which leads to un-physiological stimulation of post-synaptic striatal dopamine receptors. Accordingly, d...

L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is a major problem in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Today there are few anti-dyskinetic treatments available for the patients, and all of them have major limitations. Recent findings have revealed an important role of the serotonin system in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In the parkinsonian brain, serotonin axon terminals can compensate for the dopamine loss by co...

BACKGROUND Levodopa-induced dyskinesias are a common side effect of dopaminergic therapy in PD, but their neural correlates remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES This study examines whether dyskinesias are associated with abnormal dopaminergic modulation of resting-state cortico-striatal connectivity. METHODS Twelve PD patients with peak-of-dose dyskinesias and 12 patients without dyskinesia...

L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia is a major problem in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Today there are few anti‐dyskinetic treatments available for the patients, and all of them have major limitations. Recent findings have revealed an important role of the serotonin system in L‐ DOPA‐induced dyskinesia. In the parkinsonian brain, serotonin axon terminals can compensate for the dopamine loss by c...

Reserpine-induced catalepsy is an animal model used to mimic the behavioural symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) in experimental animals. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts of Sida cordifolia (AESC and EESC respectively), in reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and catalepsy along with lipid peroxidation evaluated by the levels of...

Tardive dyskinesia is characterized by choreiform movements, or rhythmic abnormal involuntary movements of the face, mouth, tongue, trunk, and limbs. It is frequently associated with the use of neuroleptic medications. The choreiform movements are irreversible in some patients, even after the drug is withdrawn. Although no reliable treatment for tardive dyskinesia exists, atypical antipsychotic...

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), once regarded by psychiatrists as a rare occurrence, is currently recognized as the most pervasive side effect (other than sedation) ofantipsychotic medication. Early reports linking antipsychotic drugs to TD met with considerable criticism. Mounting evidence concerning high prevalence of the disorder among psychiatric patients has led to a general acceptance of the syn...

Basic cognitive function was assessed at initial and at 5- and 10-year follow-up assessments among 41 primarily middle-aged in-patients manifesting the severest form of schizophrenia; additionally, the presence and severity of tardive dyskinesia was evaluated on each occasion. Overall, there was a modest but significant deterioration in cognitive function over the decade, particularly among old...

Although debate exists as to the incidence and prevalence of antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD), it is readily accepted that antipsychotics can and often do induce this potentially irreversible movement disorder. Studies commonly report a prevalence rates of 25 to 40 percent and incidence rates of 1 to 3 percent annually.'-' Contemporary and controversial research suggests that tardi...

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an umbrella term typically used to describe a movement disorder associated with the use of neuroleptic (anti-psychotic) medication. It is characterized by abnormal, repetitive and involuntary movements. The movements may be around the mouth and face (orofacial dyskinesia) and less frequently, in the trunk and limbs (trunk and limb dyskinesia). TD occurs in over 20% of...