OBJECTIVES Little has been known about the risk of cancer associated with occupational exposure to manganese. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the associations between duration of specific work and cancer incidence among employees in four Norwegian ferromanganese and silicomanganese producing plants. METHODS Among men first employed in 1933-91 and with at least 6 months in...

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is generated in considerable amounts by the electric arc steelmaking process. During melting in an electric arc furnace, certain elements volatilize, and form fine dusts after cooling. The EAFD is collected in a baghouse and amounts to approximately 1–2 wt% of the steel produced.1) In China, about 800 million tons of steel was produced in 2015 with more than 9 w...

The cracking furnace is the key equipment of ethylene unit. Coking in tubes results from generation coke during cracking, which will compromise heat transfer efficiency and lead to shape change tubes. In order keep operating economically safely, engineers need decoke according surface temperature tube. However, tube difficult obtain practice. Due redundant instrumentation high level process con...

Solid-state microwave annealing was performed at temperatures up to 2120 C for 30 s on ion-implanted 4H–SiC in N2 ambient. The surface roughness in the samples annealed without a surface cap at 1950 C is 2.65 nm for 10 lm · 10 lm atomic force microscopy scans. The sheet resistances measured on Aland P-implanted 4H–SiC, annealed by microwaves, are lower than the best conventional furnace anneali...

This paper presents a general framework to handle the optimal sizing of singlestage multi-product units incorporating demand uncertainty. This problem consists on the determination of the type, number of units and their capacities, chosen from a set of standard equipment sizes. The objective function is the profit expectation maximization, involving five components: i. revenue; ii. production c...

In a large-scale pilot plant, studies on wet-mechanical treatment of bottom ash using the SYNCOM-Plus process were carried out by MARTIN GmbH in the SYNCOM waste-toenergy plant in Arnoldstein, Austria (approx. 11000 kg/h waste throughput). Granulate of > 2 mm and fine fraction of < 5 mm were produced by dry screening, washing and wet screening. Additionally, sludge was separated from the wash w...

A practical active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) solution is proposed for the furnace temperature system. Employing a linear reduced-order model with optimized parameters, the practical ADRC is simple to use, easy to tune and energy-efficient in dealing with the uncertainties and disturbances in plant dynamics. Through the order reduction in both the plant model and the state observer, w...

An industrial furnace with multiple parallel passes and multiple burners is commonly used in petroleum refineries to heat the preprocessed crude oil to a specific temperature. Due to that maintaining multiple outlet temperatures of such parallel passes equal is significant for improving product quality, plant safety, and economic efficiency, etc., great efforts have been taken to control such t...