I. History of Chinese Patent Law ......................................................... 67 A. Enactment of Patent Law ............................................................................ 67 B. Subsequent Changes to China’s Patent Law: First Amendment to Patent Law (1992). .................................................................................................. 67 C. Second A...

It is part of human nature and the quest for security to seek to amass material goods and to increase wealth. One of the characteristics of a well-ordered State is, therefore, a constitutional and legal basis for the protection of material property. Curiously enough in earlier centuries rights in the field of the intellectual property, such as inventions and works of art and literature, were no...

Artificial intelligence (AI) has an important role in digital transformation worldwide, including Indonesia. AI itself is a simulation of human that modeled machines and programmed to think like humans. At the time Internet Things are connected, it can, principle, act on data without need for intervention. was originally created by humans as consequence massive revolution. Recently, also develo...

Nanotechnology patent applications published during 1991-2008 have been examined using the "title-abstract" keyword search on esp@cenet "worldwide" database. The longitudinal evolution of the number of patent applications, their topics, and their respective patent families have been evaluated for 15 national patent offices covering 98% of the total global activity. The patent offices of the Uni...

J. J. Hopfield, “Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective Computational Abilities,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, vol. 79, pp. 2254-2258, Apr. 1982. R. J. McEliece, et al., “The Capacity of the Hopfield Associative Memory,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. T-33, pp. 461-482, 1987. B. L. Montgomery et al., “Evaluation of the use of Hopfield Neural Network Model as...

I. TRIPS A. Patentability B. Patent Rights 1. Exclusive Rights—Article 28 2. Exceptions to Patent Rights a. Article 30—A “Limited Exception” to Patent Rights b. Article 31—“Other Use” C. Patent “Plus” Protection: Test Data II. TRIPS-PLUS A. Patentability B. Patent Rights 1. Limited Compulsory Licensing During Patent Term 2. Limits on Parallel Imports C. Tension within TRIPS-Plus Agreements and ...

Fiber-reinforced plastic composite materials are increasingly used in many industrial applications, leading to an increase the amount of waste that must be treated avoid environmental problems. Currently, scientific literature classifies existing recycling technologies into three macro-categories: mechanical, thermal, and chemical; however, none identified as superior others. Therefore, scholar...

The most critical driver of the digital economy comes from breakthroughs in cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence. In order to promote technological innovation and layout field intelligence, this paper analyzes patent text intelligence technology using LDA topic model perspective subject based on Derwent data. results reveal that AI is upgraded chips, sensing, algorithms inn...

background: stroke, one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, is of great importance in young adults (15-45 years), amongst whom the causes of stroke and transient ischemic attack (tia) are different from those in older ages and a significant portion of them have no known etiology. patent foramen ovale (pfo) is considered a probable cause in this group. methods: ...

background: closure of patent ductus arteriosus (pda), ventricular septal defect (vsd) and atrial septal defect (asd) can be done surgically or by device. this study was designed to compare the total cost of surgical or device closures of pda, asd or vsd for iranian patients. methods: this is a cross-sectional study, conducted from january 1, 2005 until january 1, 2006 in two large heart center...