Previous studies showed differences in in vitro heterophil function between parental (A > B) broilers and F1 reciprocal crosses (D > C). Our objectives were to (1) determine if in vitro variations translate to differences in resistance to Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and (2) quantitate cytokine mRNA in heterophils from SE-infected chicks. One-day-old chicks were challenged and organs were cultur...

Immune and inflammatory systems are controlled by multiple cytokines, including interleukins and interferons. Many of these cytokines exert their biological functions through JAKs (Janus tyrosine kinases) and STAT (signal transduction and activators of transcription) transcription factors. CIS (cytokine-inducible SH2 (Src homology 2) protein) and SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) are a fa...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with complex roles in inflammation and metabolic disease. While typically regarded as a pro-inflammatory cytokine, multiple studies in the last 20 years have generated conflicting data on the role of IL-6 in inflammation and metabolism. In a recent study in Nature Immunology, Brüning and collaborators demonstrate that IL-6 signaling in myeloid cell...

objective(s):recent evidence have proposed that tretinoin produced in the gut preferentially promote differentiation of foxp3+treg cells but inhibits th17 lymphocytes, and this may be the main immunomdulatory mechanism of tretinoin  in vivo. this study was done to investigate the effects of tretinoin in outbred white mice after challenge with sheep red blood cells (srbc). materials and methods:...

Advanced age is associated with a low-grade, systemic inflammatory response characterized by increased inflammatory cytokine production both in vitro and in vivo, termed inflamm-aging. It is also known that increased white adipose tissue, associated with obesity, leads to increased production of inflammatory cytokines. To date, it is unknown whether increased adiposity contributes to the age-re...