objective(s):cone snails are estimated to consist of up to 700 species. the venom of these snails has yielded a rich source of novel peptides. this study was aimed to study the analgesic effect of persian gulf conus textile and its comparison with morphine in mouse model. materials and methods: samples were collected in larak island. the venom ducts were isolated and kept on ice then homogenize...

Chronic pain presents a widespread and intractable medical problem. While numerous pharmaceuticals are used to treat chronic pain, drugs that are safe for extended use and highly effective at treating the most severe pain do not yet exist. Chronic pain resulting from nervous system injury (neuropathic pain) is common in conditions ranging from multiple sclerosis to HIV-1 infection to type II di...

Under normal conditions, the sympathetic neurotransmitter noradrenaline inhibits the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, after peripheral nerve and tissue injury, pro-inflammatory cytokines appear to induce the expression of the alpha1A-adrenoceptor subtype on immune cells and perhaps also on other cells in the injured tissue. In turn, noradrenaline may act on up-regu...

Chronic pain, often defined as any pain lasting more than 3 months, is poorly managed because of its multifaceted and complex mechanisms. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase that plays a fundamental role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. Recent emerging evidence demonstrates increased expression and activity of CaMKII ...

Fatigue is a frequent symptom in several inflammatory diseases, particularly in rheumatic diseases. Elements of disease activity and cognitive and behavior aspects have been reported as causes of fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fatigue could be associated with activity of inflammatory rheumatism. Indeed, biologic agents targeting inflammatory cytokines are effective in fatigue. F...

Although degeneration of the intervertebral disk has historically been described as a misbalance between anabolic and catabolic factors, the role of inflammatory mediators has long been neglected. However, past research clearly indicates that inflammatory mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α are expressed at higher levels in "diseased" intervertebral dis...

BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common progressive joint disease in dogs and cats. The goal of OA treatment is to reduce inflammation, minimize pain, and maintain joint function. Currently, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., meloxicam) are the cornerstone of treatment for OA pain, but side effects with long-term use pose important challenges to veterinary practitioners when dealin...

Inflammation is the process by which an organism responds to tissue injury involving both immune cell recruitment and mediator release. Diverse causes of neuropathic pain are associated with excessive inflammation in both the peripheral and central nervous system which may contribute to the initiation and maintenance of persistent pain. Chemical mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, and lip...

OBJECTIVE To summarize rates of abdominal pain in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease, and to examine associations of abdominal pain, disease activity, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). METHODS 44 youths aged 11-18 years completed ratings of abdominal pain, whereas youths and mothers provided ratings of HRQoL at Time 1 (T1) and Time 2 (T2; 6 months later). Disease activity was rate...