INTRODUCTION The use of synthetic drugs of abuse in the United States has grown in the last few years, with little information available on how much physicians know about these drugs and how they are treating patients using them. The objective of this study was to assess emergency physician (EP) knowledge of synthetic cannabinoids (SC). METHODS A self-administered internet-based survey of res...

Introduction Vaccines have generated one of the largest impacts on human health in history, but there is a rising need for vaccines that are not only potent, but that also allow control over the specific nature of immune response. This idea is termed immunomodulation and refers to the ability to direct immune outcomes, for example, by generating polarized Th1 or Th2 function. Synthetic biomater...

objective: malaria is an infectious disease commonplace in tropical countries. for many years, major antimalarial drugs consisted of natural products, but since 1930s these drugs have been largely replaced with a series of synthetic drugs. this article tries to briefly indicate that some plants which previously were used to treat malaria, as a result of deficiencies of synthetic drugs, have rev...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small preserved non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by targeting the 3' UTR of mRNAs for translational repression or degradation. The rising evidence has established the significant role of miRNAs within the regulation of immune system and the prevention of autoimmunity. MiR-146a has obtained an importance as a modulator of differ...

knowledge management is a process that has been recently generated as an activity which is very important in the dynamic environment, and in the competitive scene. we believe that km is a process which its organizational knowledge is created from the individual knowledge of the members of the organization. the relevant studies have indicated that organizing based on work teams could be consider...

Natural or synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands trigger innate responses by interacting with distinct TLRs. TLR ligands can thus serve as vaccine adjuvants or stand-alone antimicrobial agents. One of the limitations of TLR ligands for clinical application is their short half-life and rapid clearance from the body. In the current study, encapsulation of selected TLR ligands in biodegradabl...

Adjuvants are critical for the success of vaccines. Agonists of microbial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are promising new adjuvant candidates. A mechanism through which adjuvants enhance immune responses is to stimulate innate immunity. We studied the innate immune response in humans to synthetic double-stranded RNA (polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly IC] stabilized with poly-L-lysine...

introduction : the innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by toll-like receptors (tlrs). interaction of bacterial pamps by tlrs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. fimh adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) is a pamp of tlr4 that ...

A dominant account of object knowledge in infancy is based on the assumption that infants possess innate core knowledge of objects through which they reason about events and look longer at those that violate their expectations on the basis of this knowledge. In this article, we propose a perceptual model in which younger infants’ perception of object persistence is subject to greater perceptual...