A main development in growth economics in the recent years, has been to point at the fundamental role of institutions in the growth process, although few studies have led so far to precise policy recommendations beyond the general claims about the importance of property right enforcement. This is largely due to the difficulty in de&ning the term institutions. North and Thomas (1973) developed t...

Enhancements In part, OPTIs were developed in response to the changing needs for delivery of postgraduate medical education and to provide assurance that institutions are committed to and capable of delivering uniquely osteopathic postdoctoral training. The Council on Postdoctoral Training (COPT) approves internship and residency training programs in hospitals either accredited by the AOA or af...

The Osteopathic Postdoctoral Training Institution (OPTI) program was established by the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) in 1995 as a support and accreditation structure for osteopathic graduate medical education. Since 1999, when the AOA began to require that all AOA-approved osteopathic internships and residencies take place within this structure, the individual programs have been evolv...

We gladly renew acquaintance in this second edition of Sir John Simon's English Sanitary Institutions with this fascinating and instructive history of human sanitary endeavour. The successful writer on matters of universal history must be a man of wide knowledge and of broad mind, able to sift and choose, to prune and criticise, and to weave the disconnected threads of record and tradition into...

15 From its inception, the institutional tradition of studying organizations has been informed by themes of control and coordination – themes that fall within the domain of corporate governance, broadly defined as being concerned with the implicit and explicit relationships between the corporation and its constituents, as well as the relationships between these constituent groups 1999). With it...

It is now common in the institutional economics literature to define institutions in the very general sense of rules of structured social interaction. In any society there is, of course, a plethora of such rules (including those that undergird even a so-called free market economy). In the context of economic development the focus is on those rules that act as a substitute for missing markets in...

We construct a model of revolution and transition to democracy under individualistic and collectivist cultures. The main result is that, despite facing potentially larger collective action problems, countries with an individualistic culture are more likely to end up adopting democracy earlier than countries with a collectivist culture. Our empirical analysis suggests a strong and robust associa...

It is well known that interpolation properties of logics underlying speci.cation formalisms play an important role in the study of structured speci.cations, they have also many other useful logical consequences. In this paper, we solve the interpolation problem for Grothendieck institutions which have recently emerged as an important mathematical structure underlying heterogenous multi-logic sp...

nomic development and growth has long been understood—emphasized, for example, in the writings of Adam Smith and, more recently, David Landes (1998), and recognized in the 1993 Nobel Prize awarded to Douglass North. In the past few years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in this subject, including research into the sources of institutional differences across countries, the chann...