Abstract The early twenty-first century will be remembered as a time of constant crisis. These crises have created repeated global states emergency, revealing gaps, and inadequacies in social protection systems worldwide. Alongside these crises, response to them, has grown into paradigm governance. This development is also noticeable the practices World Bank International Monetary Fund. At hear...

Abstract The Mozambican state has had a long history of cash transfer programme dating back to 1992. It targeted primarily the elderly, in move protect these and their families from extreme poverty. After urban riots broke out 2008 against cuts fuel subsidies general unhappiness with outcomes structural adjustments 1990s, International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations (UN), World Bank analys...

Republic of Belarus begins the third decade 21st century with numerous problems, which include unstable socio-political situation, broken dialogue and relations international environment, Western sanctions. All these factors have caused a lot turbulence in Belarusian economy. This article is an attempt to examine economic security period depletion current model, reduction Russian energy subsidi...

The remarkable appreciation of the U.S. dollar after 1980 has been viewed by many observers as a failure of the floating exchange rate system, and has been a major stimulus to calls for a return to a more managed global exchange rate system. Critics of the current international monetary arrangements argue that tighter international "rules of the game" in macroeconomic policymaking would reduce ...

This paper reassesses the prospects for greater monetary integration in Asia in the wake of the Asian financial crisis of 1997. The Asian crisis highlighted the absence of well-developed supranational institutions in Asia to provide early warning signals of impending currency or balance of payments problems, access to unconditional funds to cope with financial problems, and a common defensive m...