The “organizer paper” by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold (1924) initiated a new epoch in developmental biology. It marked the climax of Spemann’s life-long research, and the “organizer effect” received special mention by the committee that honoured him with the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine in 1935. This introduction precedes a translation of that paper by Spemann’s student, Viktor Ham...

Sourcing processes are discussed at a high abstraction level. A dedicated terminology is developed concerning general aspects of sourcing. The term sourcement is coined to denote a building block for sourcing. Notions of allocation, functional architecture and allocational architecture, equilibrium, and configuration are discussed. Limitations of the concept of outsourcing are outlined. This th...

The notation and terminology used here are introduced in the following papers: [23], [17], [26], [2], [18], [27], [5], [4], [1], [3], [4], [25], [11], [12], [21], [7], [9], [10], [10], [12], [14], [28], [6], [7], [19], and [23]. Let C be a non vertical non horizontal non empty subset of E T satisfying conditions of simple closed curve and let n be a natural number. Let us assume that n is suffi...

These notes supplement the lectures and provide practise exercises. We begin with some material you will have met before, perhaps in other forms, to set some terminology and notation. Further details on unfamiliar topics may be found in, for example Cohn [3] for algebra, Dodson and Poston [5] for linear algebra, topology and differential geometry, Gray [6] for curves, surfaces and calculations ...