The excess liquidity of the open economy has become one main factor influencing the monetary markets, financial markets and even the whole macroeconomic. In era of the post-crisis, many countries have implemented the loose monetary policies, especially the quantitative easing policy in the U.S. which worsened the situation of the excess liquidity. Under this background, it will be more meaning...

No public policy issue is more important than the structure and level of taxes. Governments have fallen because of tax reform. Proposals to extend the value-added tax (VAT) or increase its rates have caused po liti cal agitation in many countries, including Ec ua dor and Mexico. In many less-developed countries, a shortage of funds impedes development eff orts, yet attempts to increase tax reve...

rate of urbanization in developing countries , such as iran, has flowed many problems for cities. among of thease common problems of cities is the growth of informal settlements that have several problems for them. in this relation, bonab as one of major cities of east azarbaijan , according to geographic location and having several resources and employment opportunities has been as a center of...