It is commonly believed that invertebrates should be used for studying general questions in neurobiology only when their specific features, such as “a small number of large identifiable neurons,” generation of simple stereotypical behaviors, or their amenity to genetic manipulation, provide a special experimental advantage. These characteristics aid in unraveling cellular and synaptic processin...

Marine invertebrates constantly interact with a wide range of microorganisms in their aquatic environment and possess an effective defense system that has enabled existence for millions years. Their lack acquired immunity sets marine apart from other animals. Invertebrates could rely on innate immunity, providing the first line defense, survival, thriving. The immune includes various biological...