Strongly correlated electrostatics of DNA systems has drawn the interest of many groups, especially the condensation and overcharging of DNA by multivalent counterions. By adding counterions of different valencies and shapes, one can enhance or reduce DNA overcharging. In this paper, we focus on the effect of multivalent co-ions, specifically divalent co-ions such as SO[Formula: see text]. A co...

Ionic homeostasis is a fundamental cellular phenomenon. All living cells maintain an intracellular ionic composition compatible with their constituent molecules, and this requires the regulation of multiple membrane transporters and signal transduction pathways. Other biophysical parameters such as turgor and electrical potential are also part of this essential regulation. How ionic homeostasis...

Metals are essential for the normal functioning of living organisms. Their uses in biological systems are varied, but are frequently associated with sites of critical protein function, such as zinc finger motifs and electron or oxygen carriers. These functions only require essential metals in minute amounts, hence they are termed trace metals. Other metals are, however, less beneficial, owing t...

A b s t r a c t . We consider transformations (performed by general recursive operators) mapping recursive functions into recursive functions. These transformations can be considered as mapping sets of recursive functions into sets of recursive functions. A transformation is said to be preserving the identification type I, if the transformation always maps/-identifiable sets into/-identifiable ...