It is shown how the programme of decoherence can be applied in the context of quantum field theory. To illustrate the role of gauge invariance, we first discuss the charge superselection rule in quantum electrodynamics in some detail. We then present an example where macroscopic electromagnetic fields are “measured” through interaction with charges and thereby rendered classical. A central role...

Within the framework of population genetics we consider the evolution of an asexual haploid population under the effect of a rapidly varying natural selection (microevolution). We focus on the case in which the environment exerting selection changes stochastically. We derive the effective genotype and fitness dynamics on the slower time-scales at which the relevant genetic modifications take pl...

The focus of this study to measure the varying irreversibility stock markets. A fundamental idea is that financial systems are complex and nonlinear presented be non-Gaussian fractal chaotic. Their complexity different aspects properties, such as time irreversibility, vary over for a long-range scales. Therefore, our work presents approaches series. To methods we include Guzik’s index, Porta’s ...

This article provides experimental evidence on the impacts of irreversibility and imperfect monitoring efficiency equity a repeated public goods game. We find that both lead to inefficient unequal outcomes through different channels. Irreversibility lowers contribution in earlier periods makes initial-period gap between two players long-lasting. Imperfect hampers conditional cooperation persist...

H istorically defined by Kerr in 1971 (1), apoptosis refers to programmed cell death participating in highly regulated processes of tissue remodeling or renewing involved during development, normal cell turnover, and cell elimination following injury. Apoptosis is an elaborated form of cellular suicide whereby cells sacrifice themselves for the well-being of the whole organism by dying in a qui...

" C ommon diseases are complex. The study of complexity is based on a new way of thinking that stands in sharp contrast to the philosophy underlying Newtonian science, which is based on reductionism, determinism and objective knowledge. Initially, we might aim to reduce complexity to understand nature [1]. In the current issue of the European Respiratory Journal (ERJ), TASHKIN et al. [2] report...

This paper seeks to explain and relate three macroscopic arrows of time: the thermodynamic arrow, defined by entropy-generating processes in closed systems, the historical arrow, defined by information-generating processes in certain open systems, and the cosmological arrow, defined by the cosmic

Over recent decades, some approaches to non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, that differ decidedly in their foundational and philosophical outlook, have nevertheless converged in developing a common unified mathematical framework. I will call this framework ‘stochastic dynamics’, since the main characteristic feature of the approach is that it characterizes the evolution of the state of a mec...

First a general definition of reversibility is given which is in accordance with the mechanical concept of reversibility. This definition is applied to thermostatics. It is shown that the smooth curves in the space of equilibrium parameters can be approximated arbitrarily by irreversible or by almost reversible real processes. The work done during an almost reversible process is given by a Pfaf...

The Loschmidt echo--also known as fidelity--is a very useful tool to study irreversibility in quantum mechanics due to perturbations or imperfections. Many different regimes, as a function of time and strength of the perturbation, have been identified. For chaotic systems, there is a range of perturbation strengths where the decay of the Loschmidt echo is perturbation independent, and given by ...