all of religions free towards society in Kazakhstan. Considering that Islam is more widespread religion in the region, Islamic industry is developing sector of Economy. There are some new sectors of Halal (Islamic) industry, which have importance for state developing on the whole. One of the youngest sectors of Halal industry is Islamic tourism, which became an object of disputes and led to dil...

We show that in a spontaneously broken effective gauge field theory, quantized general background \(R_\xi \)-gauge, also the fields undergo non-linear (albeit background-gauge invariant) redefinition induced by radiative corrections. This proves to be crucial order renormalize coupling constants of gauge-invariant operators gauge-independent way. The classical background-quantum splitting is no...

S u m m a r y . T h e conditions for the existence of non-perturbative type ~ superconductor ~) solutions of field theories are examined. A non-covariant canonical transformation method is used to find such solutions for a theory of a fermion interacting with a pseudoscalar bosom A covariant renormalisable method using Feynman integrals is then given. A (~ superconductor ~) solution is found wh...

I briefly describe a new class of soliton configurations in field theories. These consist of topological defects which can end when they intersect other defects of equal or higher dimensionality. Such configurations may be termed “Dirichlet topological defects”, in analogy with the D-branes of string theory. I provide a specific example cosmic strings that terminate on domain walls and discuss ...

We discuss the geometric engineering and large N transition for an N = 1 U(N) chiral gauge theory with one adjoint, one conjugate symmetric, one antisymmetric and eight fundamental chiral multiplets. Our IIB realization involves an orientifold of a non-compact Calabi-Yau A2 fibration, together with D5-branes wrapping the exceptional curves of its resolution as well as the orientifold fixed locu...

These lectures briefly introduce dualities in four-dimensional quantum field theory, and summarize results found in supersymmetric field theories. The first lecture describes physical aspects of electric-magnetic (EM), strong-weak coupling (S), and infrared (IR) dualities. The second lecture focuses on results and conjectures concerning S-duality in N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories. The third ...