Restructuring in electric power sectors took a significant step backward in the summer of 2000 when wholesale and retail markets in California experienced staggering price increases that continued through June of 2001. During this period, California suppliers neared bankruptcy and one went into bankruptcy, as did the state’s cornerstone market institution, the California Power Exchange. While t...

This chapter presents the ISO/IEC MPEG-7 Multimedia Content description Interface Standard from the point of view of managing semantics in the context of multimedia applications. We describe the organisation and structure of the MPEG-7 Multimedia Description schemes, which are metadata structures for describing and annotating multimedia content at several levels of granularity and abstraction. ...

Using Particle-In-Cell simulations i.e. in the kinetic plasma description the discovery of a new mechanism of parallel electric field generation was recently reported. Here we show that the electric field generation parallel to the uniform unperturbed magnetic field can be obtained in a much simpler framework using the ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) description. In ideal MHD the electric fiel...

We present a systematic study of propagation of circularly polarized beams in a Kerr medium. In contrast to previous studies, vectorial effects (i.e., coupling to the axial component of the electric field and the grad-div term) and nonparaxiality are not neglected in the derivation. This leads to a system of equations that takes into account nonparaxiality, vectorial effects, and coupling to th...

Isoelectric focusing of proteins in a silica nanofluidic channel filled with citric acid and disodium phosphate buffers is investigated via numerical simulation. Ions in the channel migrate in response to (i) the electric field acting on their charge and (ii) the bulk electroosmotic flow (which is directed toward the cathode). Proteins are focused near the low pH (anode) end when the electromig...

The transport and manipulation of cells in microfluidic structures are often critically required in cellular analysis. Cells typically make consistent movement in a dc electric field in a single direction, due to their electrophoretic mobility or electroosmotic flow or the combination of the two. Here we demonstrate that mammalian cells focus to the middle of a closed microfluidic chamber under...

We report a general framework capable of describing the focusing of electromagnetic waves with spatially varying coherence and polarization properties in optical systems of arbitrary numerical aperture and Fresnel number. We also investigate the reduction of the dimensionality of the requisite integrals by use of a coherent mode expansion. We find that coherent mode expansions treating each com...

The influence of the dispersion of pH and concentration of chemicals on zeta potential of kaolinite were investigated. Adding the cationic species led to an increase of the zeta potential, contrary to measuring done in water. The results proved that even a very low concentration of the cationic species (0.001 mol/L) causes a remarkable change of the zeta potential. The zeta potential of the kao...

In this paper, Small planar focal plane array (FPA) for millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging system is realized by adding an extended hemispherical lens to a scanning and focusing system, which is composed of a scanning planar mirror and a focusing parabolic mirror. Firstly, optical path and spot-patterns for different incident angles are calculated and compared without or with an extended hemispheric...