In many instances, appellate courts defer to lower courts and administrative agencies; the appellate court allows the other agent’s decision to stand even though the appellate court has strong reason to believe that decision incorrect. We provide a model in which such deference is rational. Our model is set in a two-dimensional case space. One dimension reflects "global" facts that are known to...

Recent years have borne witness to a striking increase in expenditures on legal services.’ Various critics of the U.S. legal system have accordingly argued that amounts currently spent on or in anticipation of disputes are socially excessive, and several writers have attempted to address the issue through economic analysis.’ Much of the economic literature has centered on the choice between lit...

in modern legal systems there are a variety of sources of law. judicial precedent is one of the legal sources; thus, precedents of supreme court, like enactments of parliament, are enforceable in courts. this similarity between precedents and acts impose many problems as role of supreme court in interpretation of   laws. but the most important problem is the possibility of changing previous pre...

and Trademark Of fice, Judge Robert Sweet struck down several patents for genes associated with susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer.1 He found that they protect information, not inventions, and therefore fail to meet the criteria for patent validity. The ruling would negate most existing patents on genes and prevent the approval of future ones. The suit was brought by the American Civil...

Veterinarians today face an increased risk for malpractice claims in view of increased client awareness of the benefits of the human-animal bond and advances in preventive and specialized veterinary medicine. An important problem with medical malpractice litigation is the manner in which malpractice claims are resolved. In several countries, thousands of claims have been successfully resolved v...

Court supports tuition, integration; alumni will file appeal of decision The ruling that Rice University may charge tuition and admit Negro students has been upheld again in court, in the most recent legal clash between the Board of Trustees and two Rice alumni. The first court of civil appeals ruled Thursday that these actions, although contrary to the terms of William Marsh Rice's will, are n...

An English ship's doctor treated a non-US female patient for abdominal discomfort on a foreign-flagged cruise ship off the coast of Haiti. In Mexico the patient underwent abdominal surgery, followed by complications, for which her lawyers wanted to take the ship's doctor to court in Florida, USA. A trial court granted their wish, but this decision was reversed on appeal as the factors discussed...

Racial and gender disparities are prevalent in the criminal justice system, but the sources of these disparities remain largely unknown. This paper investigates whether judge political affiliation contributes to these disparities using data on over 500,000 federal defendants linked to sentencing judge. Exploiting random case assignment, we find that Republican appointed judges sentence black de...