This paper describes the design of a tightly coupled GPS/INS integration system based on nonlinear Kalman filtering methods. The traditional methods include linearization of the system around a nominal trajectory, and the extended Kalman filtering (EKF) method which linearizes the system around the previous estimate, or the predication, whichever is available. The recently proposed sigma-point ...

Tracking algorithms for the GPS C/A code with an interference rejection capability based on state estimation technique are considered. A swept tone jamming signal is modeled as an autoregressive (AR) process and estimated jointly with the timing delay. A novel Mean-Value Theorem Particle Filter (MVT-PF) is applied to address the highly nonlinear measurement model and its performance is compared...

Voltage-gated K+ channels exhibit a slow inactivation process, which becomes an important influence on the rate of action potential repolarization during prolonged or repetitive depolarization. During slow inactivation, the outer mouth of the permeation pathway undergoes a conformational change. We report here that during the slow inactivation process, the channel progresses through at least th...

Pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid has been studied by single-crystal neutron diffraction at 15 and 296 K. Pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, in which the carboxylic acid protons have been replaced by deuterons, has also been studied at 15, 150 and 296 K. The protonated structure contains a short N...H...O hydrogen bond [N...O 2.523 (2) Angstrom at 15 K]. Temperature-dependent proton migration occurs ...

Potassium channels selectively conduct K(+) ions across cell membranes and have key roles in cell excitability. Their opening and closing can be spontaneous or controlled by membrane voltage or ligand binding. We used Ba(2+) as a probe to determine the location of the ligand-sensitive gate in an inwardly rectifying K(+) channel (Kir6.2). To a K(+) channel, Ba(2+) and K(+) are of similar sizes, ...

Na,K-ATPase is a membrane protein that catalyzes ATP to maintain transmembrane sodium and potassium gradients. In addition, Na,K-ATPase also acts as a signal-transducing receptor for cardiotonic steroids such as ouabain and activates a number of signalling pathways. Several studies report that ouabain affects cell migration. Here we used ouabain at concentrations far below those required to blo...

BACKGROUND Mast cell recruitment and activation are critical for the initiation and progression of inflammation and fibrosis. Mast cells infiltrate specific structures in many diseased tissues such as the airway smooth muscle (ASM) in asthma. This microlocalisation of mast cells is likely to be key to disease pathogenesis. Human lung mast cells (HLMC) express the Ca2+ activated K+ channel K(Ca)...

A two-stage state and parameter estimation algorithm for linear systems has been developed. Stage 1 uses a stochastic approximation method for state estimation, while stage 2 considers parameter estimation through a linear Kalman filter. These two stages are conpled in a bootstrap manner. The algorithm is computationally much simpler than the usual extended Kalman filter. A fourth-order numeric...

Surface-enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) is a powerful tool for studying the structure of molecules adsorbed on an electrode surface (ATR-SEIRA). Coupled with an electrochemical system, structural changes induced by changes in the electric field can be detected. All the membrane proteins are subjected to the effect of membrane electric field, but conformational changes at different ...

We report a unique case, never before published, of sternoclavicular joint fixation K-wire migration to the pelvic region, in a 56 year-old man. Two years previously, sternoclavicular dislocation had been fixed by three wires. A transitory episode of precordial thoracic pain followed by iterative abdominal pain accompanied the migration. Extraction was performed five years later. Scapular K-wir...