introduction: bridges are certainly one of the most important structures but costly service elements in a transport system. the bridges are very required to access the damaged areas in emergency situations such as floods and earthquakes. scour around the foundations of bridge piers exposed to the flowing water than can destroy the bridge itself is a subject of major concern. flow pattern is kno...

introduction: snowmelt runoff plays an important role in providing water and agricultural resources, especially in mountainous areas. there are different methods to simulate the process of snowmelt. inter alia, degree-day model, based on temperature-index is more cited. snowmelt runoff model is a conceptual hydrological model to simulate and predict the daily flow of rivers in the mountainous b...

introduction: soil aggregate stability is a key factor in soil resistivity to mechanical stresses, including the impacts of rainfall and surface runoff, and thus to water erosion (canasveras et al., 2010). various indicators have been proposed to characterize and quantify soil aggregate stability, for example percentage of water-stable aggregates (wsa), mean weight diameter (mwd), geometric mea...

1. introduction one of the main characteristics of azadegan plain in the west of khuzestan province is active instability of geomorphic features of karkheh river this instability caused extensive variations in the sedimentary setup in the western parts of this plain, such as buried and abandoned river beds, which are repeated over time. therefore, these variations should be studied in more deta...

introduction ecosystem services are the benefits that human derives from the ecosystems. these are servicessuch as goods and products (e.g., fresh water, fuel), regulation of natural processes (e.g., climate, flooding, erosion), and nonmaterial benefits (e.g., recreation, aesthetic enjoyment). many cities are located in the important ecological areas. currently 29 out of the 825 ecological zone...

introduction discussion of sustainability and sustainable development, regardless of towns and cities would be meaningless cities as the main factor causing instability in the world are, in fact, the concept of urban sustainability and global are stability. environmental crises and urban issues such as air pollution, water, soil and water resources and agricultural land use renewable, global wa...

Traditional body tattooing is called Godna in Awadh. Body tattooing (Godna) is believed to be the adaptation of a primitive form of art in India. The art of godna is closely related to religion and considered rites of passage in nondwij castes of Awadhi region. This art comprises permanent ornamentation of the body with tattoos made by Godarins or Maharins. The belief says that godna marks are ...