BACKGROUND Killed oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) are available but not used routinely for cholera control except in Vietnam, which produces its own vaccine. In 2007-2008, unprecedented cholera outbreaks occurred in the capital, Hanoi, prompting immunization in two districts. In an outbreak investigation, we assessed the effectiveness of killed OCV use after a cholera outbreak began. METHODOLOGY...

Correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed to: Prof. David A. Sack Executive Director ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000 Bangladesh Email: [email protected] Fax: +(880-2) 882 3116 Recent analysis of results of the 1985 vaccine trial in Bangladesh showed that a killed oral cholera vaccine could provide herd protection (1), and this finding shed...

The response of the rabbit to viable or killed whole-cell Pasteurella tularensis vaccines was studied. The most practical preparation for the production of anti-P. tularensis antibodies was viable organisms of the live vaccine strain (LVS). The intravenous route of administration proved superior to either the subcutaneous or intradermal routes, and incorporation of LVS into Freund's adjuvants d...

The effect of polyadenylic acid: polyuridylic acid complex (poly A: U) on immunization was investigated in mice vaccinated by killed Brucella melitensis cells suspended in incomplete adjuvant or in saline. Addition of 300 ,ug of poly A:U to vaccines rendered 3 X 108 B. melitensis cells in saline as immunogenic as 3 X 10"1 cells in oil adjuvant against a severe B. abortus challenge. In the mouse...

mice are discussed by Alfred S. Steinberg who presents data in support of the idea that early loss of a thymic regulatory function in these mice may account for a breakdown in tolerance to "self" and certain other antigens, leading to excessive antibody responses with immune complex formation. The last two chapters, one by Stanley A. Plotkin, the other by Frautisek Sokol, deal, respectively, wi...

Introduction S the time of discovery of smallpox vaccination in 1796 by Edward Jenner, vaccinations have a major impact on global health. Immunization is a process of inducing immunity against a specific disease and it can be induced actively by administration of vaccine or toxoid to produce humoral or cellmediated immune response. Vaccines may contain live attenuated organisms, inactivated or ...